Achebe portrayed Ekwefi(TM)s relationship Essay Example

Achebe depicted Ekwefi(TM)s relationship Paper The connection among Okonkwo and his second with Ekwefi run over in different sections of the books; scraps of their relationship make a more clear picture as the novel advances. Taking a gander at Achebes language decisions and story perspective their relationship shows a blend of both displeasure and caring which comes evident in the couple of scenes where Okonkwo lets his gatekeeper down around her. The clench hand look at their relationship is an adverse view as we see Okonkwo beating at that point taking shots at his significant other for going out Okonkwo heard it and ran frantically into his space for the stacked weapon, ran out again and focused on her Okonkwo is effortlessly maddened this is clear in the entirety of his associations with individuals yet it additionally give Ekwefi a feeling of character, solid willed as the spouse who had quite recently been beaten mumbled something about firearms that never fired indicating a disobedient streak on the other hand reemerges when she goes to search for her little girl and demonstrating when she should be she have a blazing soul. We will compose a custom paper test on Achebe depicted Ekwefi(TM)s relationship explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom article test on Achebe depicted Ekwefi(TM)s relationship explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom article test on Achebe depicted Ekwefi(TM)s relationship explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer Regardless of this we realize there was a solid bond between them numerous years back when she was the town magnificence Okonkwo had won her heart a couple of years after the fact she fled from her significant other and came to live with Okonkwo It appears there unquestionably was a common inclination between them as time has passed we see that it isn't as evident. Okonkwos notoriety as a cold and valiant warrior has a huge influence of his obvious separation from Ekwefi and as such we get the feeling that he couldn't care less about her extraordinarily anyway uncommon minutes in the book give an elective thought. In section 11 when Enzima is taken and Ekwefi tails we see Okonkwo come to discover her tears of appreciation filled her eyes. Okonkwo has consistently believed demonstrating feeling to be feeble however this gives us that underneath his outside he cares. The account characterizing their relationship is fairly cracked; exchanging between the over a wide span of time day. Achebe indications that Okonkwo has the nearest bond with Ekwefi contradicted to his different spouses he realized it should just be Ekwefi. Of his three spouses Ekwefi was the one in particular who might have the boldness to strike into his entryway subsequently putting forth a strong effort. The two characters are genuinely similar in inconspicuous manners put across by Achebe Ekwefi had become a severe lady. Was the main individual in the cheerful organization who went about with a cloud on her forehead while Okonkwo depicting his dad his adoration for talk had developed with age and affliction. It attempted Okonkwos persistence incredible Both have gotten to some degree critical of others and it tends to be a typical establishing point in their lopsided relationship. Their relationship was established upon physical closeness even in those days he was not a man of numerous words. He just conveyed her into his bed and in the haziness started to look about her midsection for the last detail of the material Achebe utilizes this to recommend their relationship has gotten increasingly fierce with age as Okonkwo has taken more spouses and kids and in a few occasions basically lashes out at her somewhat more I said a bit. Is it true that you are hard of hearing? Okonkwo thundered at her. Achebes story procedure is more observatory than judgemental telling there relationship without inclining for either, without obfuscating the issue and as such Achebe gives a crude and fair sense to there relationship; seeing both the terrible side and the great. Achebes portrayal of their relationship gives a more clear comprehension of the characters as people through how they act towards each other both caringly and forcefully and as such is an investigation into the Ibo culture itself. Ekwefi is Okonkwos second spouse. When a town wonder, she fled from her home and spouse to wed Okonkwo. She was stricken with Okonkwo when he beat the infamous Cat in an unbelievable wrestling match. In spite of the fact that its sort of sentimental the Ekwefi fled and ran off with Okonkwo, it turns out hes not Prince Charming. Ekwefi, as Okonkwos other two spouses, endures significantly under his powerful and forceful principle of the family unit. At a certain point, since he was feeling terrible, Okonkwo beat Ekwefi gravely and even took steps to murder her with his firearm. In any case, Ekwefi is the most energetic of Okonkwos spouses and every now and again faces him and argues. Ekwefis life has been loaded with misery. She has misfortune with bearing kids; notwithstanding bringing forth ten kids, just one has endure. Subsequently, she sustains a profound bond with her single girl, Ezinma. Achebe paints Ekwefi as a very dedicated mother. Her torment and sharpness in losing nine other kids drives her to love her one girl even above life itself. She hovers over and ruins her kid, permitting her treats illegal to other kids and building a profound relationship of trust. Ekwefis history of misfortune and harshness renders her a resilient lady, fit for withstanding a lot of agony and frustration. This likewise prompts a feeling of strength in her, a fairly unfeminine trademark that occasionally pesters Okonkwo. She has the boldness to thump on his entryway around evening time and to disrespect him when he blames her for killing a banana tree. However, she likewise takes her discipline with gritted teeth and without objection. This sort of solidarity and strength has something manly about it, which rises much more unequivocally in her little girl, Ezinma. In spite of the fact that not unequivocally expressed, we think Ekwefi may be Okonkwos most loved spouse, much the same as Ezinma is his preferred girl. Achebe has depicted the connection among Okonkwo and second spouse, Ekwefi, all through different sections in the novel. Achebe utilizes a few language highlights to underscore their relationship or absence of it at times. Achebe utilizes account perspective and decision of language to help exhibit the balance of outrage with adoration and friendship they share between them.

An Analysis Of The Malaysian Economy Essay free essay sample

KL Outing 022b.jpg Fixed trade rates 1 Ringgit = 100 sen Financial twelvemonth Schedule twelvemonth Exchange organizations APEC, ASEAN, IOR-ARC, WTO Statisticss Gross domestic product $ 381.1 billion ( 2009 est. )Rank: 30 Gross domestic product developing - 2. 2 % ( 2009 est. ) Gross domestic product per capita $ 14,800 ( 2009 est. ) Gross domestic product by part agribusiness: 10.1 % industry: 42.3 % administrations: 47.6 % ( 2009 est. )Expansion ( CPI )0. 4 % ( 2009 est. ) Populace underneath poverty line 3.5 % ( 2007 est. ) Work power by business agribusiness: ( 13 % ) , industry: ( 36 % ) , administrations: ( 51 % ) ( 2005 ) Joblessness 5 % ( 2009 est. ) Principle ventures Peninsular Malaysia gum versatile and palm oil handling and creation, light manufacturing industry, hardware, Sn removal and purifying, logging and treating lumber, touristry, unrefined petroleum creation and refinement, logging Simplicity of Making Business Rank 21st [ 1 ] Outside Fares $ 156.4 billion ( 2009 est. ) Fare merchandise electronic gear, unrefined petroleum and condensed flammable gas, wood and wood stocks, palm oil, gum versatile, textures, synthetic compounds Principle send out companions Singapore 13. 9 % , China 12.2 % , United States 10.9 % , Japan 9.8 % , Thailand 5.4 % , Hong Kong 5.2 % ( 2009 est. ) Imports $ 119. 5 billion ( 2009 est. ) Import merchandise hardware, apparatus, unrefined petroleum stocks, plastics, vehicles, Fe and steel stocks, synthetic compounds Principle import companions China 13.9 % , Japan 12. We will compose a custom article test on An Analysis Of The Malaysian Economy Essay or then again any comparable theme explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page 5 % , Singapore 11.1 % , Thailand 6 % , Indonesia 5.3 % , South Korea 4.6 % , Taiwan 4. 2 % , Germany 4.2 % ( 2009 est. ) Net outer obligation N/A Open fundss Grosss $ 61.6 billion ( 2009 est. ) Costs $ 60.72 billion ( 2009 est. ) Monetary help $ 31. 6 million ( 2005 ) Outside state armies $ 98.02 billion ( 31 December 2009 est. ) Fundamental informations starting: CIA World Fact Book All qualities, except if in any case expressed, are in US dollarshypertext move convention:/upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/hall/d/d4/Button_hide.pngThe Economy of Malaysia is a turning and nearly detached state-situated and newly industrialized market financial framework. [ 2 ] [ 3 ] The area plays a significant yet intensifying capacity in directing financial movement through macroeconomic projects. In 2007, the financial arrangement of Malaysia was the third biggest monetary framework in South East Asia and 29th biggest monetary framework known to man by purchasing power para with net local product for 2008 of $ 222 billion [ 4 ] with a developing pace of 5 % to 7 % since 2007 [ 5 ] In 2009, GDP per capita ( PPP ) of Malaysia remains at US $ 14,900. [ 6 ] In 2009, the ostensible GDP was US $ 383.6 billion, and the ostensible per capital GDP was US $ 8,100. [ 7 ]The Southeast Asiatic state encountered a monetary thunder and experienced fast advancement during the late twentieth century and has a GDP for each capita of $ 14,800, being viewed as a newly industrialized state. [ 8 ] [ 9 ] On the salary dispersion, there are 5.8 million families in 2007. Of that, 8. 6 % have a month to month salary underneath RM1,000, 29.4 % had somewhere in the range of RM1,000 and RM2,000, while 19.8 % earned somewhere in the range of RM2,001 and RM3,000 ; 12.9 % of the families earned somewhere in the range of RM3,001 and RM4,000 and 8.6 % somewhere in the range of RM4,001 and RM5,000. At long last, around 15.8 % of the families have a pay of somewhere in the range of RM5,001 and RM10,000 and 4. 9 % have a salary of RM10,000 and supra. [ 10 ]As one of three expresses that control the Strait of Malacca, universal exchange plays a major capacity in its monetary framework. [ 11 ] At one clasp, it was the biggest producer of Sn, gum versatile and palm oil known to man. [ 12 ] Manufacturing has a major impact in the state s monetary framework. Malaysia is the universe s biggest Islamic banking and financial focus. Foundation Right off the bat and pilgrim history The Malay Peninsula thus Southeast Asia has been an inside for exchange for quite a long time. Arranged focuses, for example, porcelain and zest were effectively exchanged even before Malacca and Singapore rose to conspicuousness. The Malacca Sultanate controlled the Straits of Malacca from its introduction in 1402 to the 1511 attack by Portugal. All the exchange the Straits, and especially the flavors from the Celebes and the Moluccas, moved under its assurance and through its business sectors. [ 14 ]In the seventeenth century, porcelain and flavors were found in a few Malay regions and were effectively exchanged. Huge sedimentations of Sn were found in a few Malay territories. Consequently, as the British began to take over as leaders of Malaya, gum versatile and palm oil trees were presented for business purposes. On the other hand of trusting on the nearby Malays as a start of work, the British acquired Chinese and Indians to work in the mines and manors and flexibly proficient expertness. Albeit a large number of them came back to their few spot states after their in understanding term of office finished, some stayed in Malaysia and made due with great. Over clasp, Malaya turned into the universe s biggest producer of Sn, gum flexible, and palm oil. These three exchange products alongside other characteristic stuffs unfalteringly set Malaysia s financial pacing great into the mid-twentieth century. As Malaya moved towards independency, the specialists started actualizing monetary five-year programs, get bringing down with the First Malayan Five Year Plan in 1955. Upon the constitution of Malaysia, the projects were re-titled and renumbered, get bringing down with the First Malaysia Plan in 1965. Post-autonomy During the 1970s, Malaysia started to duplicate the four Asiatic Tiger financial frameworks ( Republic of Korea ( South Korea ) , Republic of China ( Taiwan ) , so British Crown Colony of Hong Kong and the Republic of Singapore ) and invested in a section from being dependent on removal and agribusiness to a monetary framework that relies more upon creation. During the 1970s, the dominantly exhuming and rural based Malayan monetary framework started an entry towards a more multi-segment financial framework. Since the 1980s the mechanical area has driven Malaysia s developing. [ 15 ] High degrees of putting played a significant capacity in this. [ 16 ] With Nipponese contributing, substantial businesses prospered and in an issue of mature ages, Malayan fares turned into the state s essential developing motor. Malaysia deliberately accomplished more than 7 % GDP developing alongside low rising costs during the 1980s and the 1990s.Central arranging has been a main consideration in the Malayan financial framework, as specialists outgo was as often as possible used to energize the monetary framework. Since 1955, with the start of the First Malayan Five Year Plan, the specialists has utilized these projects to step in the monetary framework to achieve such finishes as redistribution of riches and putting resources into, for case, foundation undertakings.A endowment of the British pilgrim framework was the division of Malaysians into three gatherings fitting to ethnicity. The Malays were amassed in their customary unassuming communities, focusing primarily on ag rarian exercises, while the Chinese ruled Malayan corporate greed. Instructed Indians took up proficient capacities, for example, those of doctors or attorneies, while the less happier worked the manors. [ 19 ] [ 20 ] The Reid Commission which drafted the Malayan Constitution made a stipulation for constrained affirmatory activity through Article 153, which gave the Malays specific benefits, for example, 60 % of college passage ( amount ) . Be that as it may, after the May 13 occurrence of racial revolting in the government capital of Kuala Lumpur, the specialists started progressively forceful projects focused on effectively set uping a Malay pioneering class through direct intervention in the monetary framework, planned for calming destitution. This was finished with the disputable New Economic Policy ( NEP ) . [ 21 ] Its central point was the riddance of the relationship of race with financial guide, and the initial five-year program to get down executing the NEP was the Second Malaysia Plan. The achievement or disappointment of the NEP is the su bject of much contention, in spite of the fact that it was formally resigned in 1990 and supplanted by the National Development Policy ( NDP ) . As of late much contention has surfaced one time again refering the results and importance of the NEP. Some have contended that the NEP has so effectively made a Middle/Upper Class of Malay agents and professionals.Despite some improvement in the financial intensity of Malays all in all, the Malayan specialists keeps up a strategy of preference that favors social Malayans over different races-remembering prejudicial mediation for business, guidance, grants, concern, dish to less expensive housing and helped savings. This specific mediation has started jealousy and sharpness among non-Malays. [ 22 ] The social Chinese control of the privately possessed area of the state s financial framework has been surrendered for the most part for the bumiputra/Malays in numerous vital or vital enterprises, for example, unrefined petroleum retailing, travel, agribusiness and vehicle fabrication.Current GDP per capita grew 31 % in the Sixties and a surprising 358 % in the Seventies, yet this demonstrated unreasonable and becoming downsized forcefully to 36 % in the Eighties. It rose again to 59 % in the Nineties drove primarily by send out situated enterprises. [ 23 ] The pace of destitution in Malaysia other than fell drastically over the mature ages. Notwithstanding, its rushed dot has been addressed by pundits who recommend that the poverty line has been drawn at an irrationally low degree. [ 24 ] The fast monetary thunder prompted a combination of gracefully occupations. Work shortages quickly brought about an inflow of 1000000s of outside specialists, numerous unlawful. Money rich PLCs and pool of Bankss anxious to benefit from expanded and quick advancement started enormous foundation endeavors

Seven Things to Check out in the Drawn and Quarterly Anthology

Seven Things to Check out in the Drawn and Quarterly Anthology The publication of the 25 Years of Drawn and Quarterly Anthology has been one of my highlights of the year so far and over the past couple of months I have spent a lot of time enjoying it. I have to admit when it first arrived I was a little worried about how I would manage to hold it on my lap without cutting off circulation to my feet, I was concerned that if I balanced it on my forearm I might stop reading a few hours later to find my fingers had fallen off. But once I had worked my way round these logistical concerns and had done some free weights to prepare for the sheer weight of it I was ready to begin. Before I started I decided I was going to dip in and out of this, reading one or two contributions each time, choosing either a comic or an interview or an essay as the mood took me. I can thoroughly recommend this approach as it meant I never felt too overwhelmed by the content and the book’s sheer size. Earlier this week Brenna wrote about the best facts she had learned when reading the anthology and I think that really neatly highlights one of my favourite aspects of this book, that it isn’t only a collection of comics by creators connected with Drawn and Quarterly but also a space in which those that have worked for and with them can share their memories and experiences of this Montreal institution. So without further ado, I’m going to share with you my seven favourite bits of the Drawn and Quarterly anthology so far and if you’re struggling to know where to start then these might help you make your choice! Julie Doucet Pages 522 to 541 My love for Julie Doucet’s work runs deep and true, her work is honest, direct and unflinching in its desire to unsettle the reader and be true. This collection of short extracts from her work starts with ‘An English Lesson’ from issue 2 of Dirty Plotte and continues with accounts from J.C. Menu (co-founder of L’Association), the writer Deb Olin Unferth, TomDevlin and Geneviève Castrée, all setting out just why Doucet’s art is so special and important to them personally. It then goes on to offer a few more extracts from her work and this sections serves not only as the perfect introduction for a Doucet virgin but also made me mourn all over again the fact that she has retired from comics. Michel Rabagliati Pages 349 â€" 357 Michel Rabagliati is EVERYTHING. His art is beautiful, his characters charming and his stories funny but moving. This extract from his 2008 book Paul Goes Fishing is one of the stand-out moments in the book. The young Paul encounters a distressed young girl in a run-down area of Montreal and the ensuing story will not only make you cry but also give you a fantastic taster of what Rabagliati’s comics are all about. If you like what you see here then I thoroughly recommend you pick up his book The Song of Roland and a king-size box of tissues while you’re at it. Geneviève Castrée Pages 448 to 455 Castrée’s Blankets Are Always Sleeping is a beautiful meditation on sleep, beds and what her sleeping arrangements mean. Told through a series of illustrations of different beds, each topped with different blankets collected by Castrée over the years, this is a gorgeous and moving short story. Marguerite Abouet Clément Oubrerie Pages 657 to 664 This section contains a short extract from Abouet Oubrerie’s 2007 comic Aya: Life in Yop City as well as an appreciation of them penned by Calvin Reid. As someone who has heard good things about Aya but somehow never managed to get  round to buying and reading it, I was enchanted by this extract and Reid’s praises and shall be rectifying this hole in my collection very soon indeed. If you already know and love these books then I think you’ll enjoy this section nonetheless. Voice Lessons: An Interview with Helge Dascher Pages 103 to 107 You may have noticed that quite a few of the extracts I have chosen are comics originally published in French. I found this interview with the translator of many of DQ’s comics really interesting, it gave fascinating insights not only into life as a translator but also the behind the scenes dynamics of DQ and the relationship between translator, editor and artist. Kate Beaton Pages 58 to 58 This affectionate duo of comics, called No Problem and Just Kidding, tells the same story from two different perspectives. One an imagined conversation between Beaton and Chris Oliveros in which she tells him about “another whammo cartoon” she has for him. The second version shows Beaton’s memory of an initial conversation with Oliveros about her first book. Funny and affectionate, the first of these made me laugh very hard indeed. A Wide-Eyed Keen Observer: An Appreciation of Adrian Tomine Pages 301 to 303 I found this account by Francoise Mouly, art editor of the New Yorker, incredibly interesting. In it she talks not only about Tomine’s art and their professional relationship, but also about what it is in his work that makes it so special. This is a fascinating glimpse of the relationship between editor and artist and well worth checking out. Sign up to The Stack to receive  Book Riot Comic's best posts, picked for you.

Life, Poetry, And Death - 1467 Words

Life, Poetry, and Death Death, madness, and love are the main points of impulse in Sylvia Plath’s life, a habit that can be described as part of the unconscious. According to psychological studies, the effects of trauma and experience on an author can manifest itself in their writing (Caruth). For instance, we learned that the suffering of Sylvia Plath her whole life due to depression, the attempted of suicide, and the death of her father. Those traumatic experiences influenced the writing and interpretation of her poems. Many critics of poetry approach the poems by ignoring biographical features of the author, as if poems are not influenced at all in the design and creation of their authors. A good knowledge of these biographical facts of authors can greatly help to clear the dark aspects that we find in a poem. Biographical circumstance has been the key element that has led me to the poetry of this woman. Sylvia Plath, with her poems, transforms the crucial events of life, expressing their anger in poetry, hope, sadness and joy. Plath is a major (if not the main) exponent of what came to be called Confessional Poetry with one of her teachers, Robert Lowell, and Anne Sexton. Confessional poetry is a poetic movement that emerged in the U.S. in the 50s and 60s. It s a very personal or I poetry. The content of the poems is eminently autobiographical, the intimate and sometimes unflattering information about the details of the poet s personal life, such as mentalShow MoreRelatedEssay on Life and Death in Poetry2090 Words   |  9 PagesLife and death are two things that we as humans must all face. The road from one to the other, from life to death, is a long and at times, both joyous and painful one. Robert Frost’s poems are a prime example of these times and trials. The poems I chose for this paper highlight them, and with Frost’s allegory, they present a sort of silver lining to the string of dark and dreary words he’s pieced together for these poems. The depressing tone to the poems †Å"Acquainted with the Night†, â€Å"Nothing GoldRead More Death in Life in Alfred Lord Tennysons Poetry Essay981 Words   |  4 PagesDeath in Life in Alfred Lord Tennysons Poetry Alfred Lord Tennyson, a Victorian poet, used characters from history and mythology for his poetry. Much of his poetry touches upon the subject of death and loneliness. For example, the Lady of Shallot dies when she looks beyond her inner world, Mariana lives in constant sadness over her departed lover, and Tithonus lives forever in an agony worse than death. With a background of melancholia, isolation or anguish Tennyson conveys themes ofRead MoreEssay about Death in Life and Love in Dorothy Parkers Poetry529 Words   |  3 PagesDeath in Life and Love in Dorothy Parkers Poetry Dorothy Parker, an accomplished American poet, exposes the darker side of human behavior through her epigrammatic style of poetry. She believed that a writer must say what he feels and sees. She specialized in the hard truths, particularly about death, in both life and love. Some major motifs present in Parker’s work include loneliness, lack of communication between men and women, disintegration of relationships, human frailties, and theRead MoreEssay about Death in Emily Dickenson1313 Words   |  6 PagesDeath in Emily Dickenson With the thought of death, many people become terrified as if it were some creature lurking behind a door ready to capture them at any moment. Unlike many, Emily Dickinson was infatuated with death and sought after it only to try and help answer the many questions which she pondered so often. Her poetry best illustrates the answers as to why she wrote about it constantly. She explains her reason for writing poetry, â€Å"I had a terror I couldRead MoreJohn Keats s Life Of Poetry1024 Words   |  5 Pagesvery troubling and traumatic life and it shows in his writings of poetry. Death and many other awful troubles causing him to have a life that anyone would feel horrible in. John Keat’s poetry has many dark recurring themes. One speculation is that his poetry was an escape from his melancholy filled life. There are many aspects to Keats’s life that could have been motivation to write his poetry. One would say that he connected works of poetry with the events of his life. John Keats was on born OctoberRead MoreEmily Dickinson: An American Poet1793 Words   |  7 Pagesway people view poetry and female authors. Her exceedingly complex life has proved a tremendous influence on her instrumental poetry, creating its originality and distinguishing her from other great poets of the nineteenth century. As well, her use of symbolism and imagery has continued to make her work celebrated. Although Emily Dickinson lived a private and reclusive life, full of death among many close family members and friends, her ability to write beautiful and captivating poetry has defined herRead MoreThe Theme of Death in Poetry by Emily Dickinson and Sylvia Plath918 Words   |  4 PagesDeath is a prevalent theme in the poetry of both Sylvia Plath and Emily Dickinson. They both examine death from varied angles. There are many similarities as well as differences in the representation of this theme in their poetry. Plath views death as a sinister and intimidating end, while Dickinson depicts death with the endearment of romantic attraction. In the poetry of Plath death is depicted traditionally, while Dickinson attributes some mysticism to the end of life. In the poem TwoRead MoreSylvia Plath: The Exemplary Confessional Poet1015 Words   |  5 Pagesthe 1950s and 1960s, confessional poetry was essentially an autobiographical style of writing. Often focusing on topics that were taboo at the time like mental illness and suicide, it is no surprise that Sylvia Plath wrote poetry in this style. Plath suffered from depression most of her life and used writing as an outlet (Spinello). In her works â€Å"Cut,† â€Å"I Am Vertical,† and â€Å"Lady Lazarus,† Plath exemplifies confessional poetry through the themes of resentment, death, and mental illness. To understandRead More The Mystery of Edgar Allan Poe Essay1499 Words   |  6 Pagesspecial because he helped change poetry by giving it different focuses. Through looking at Edgar Allan Poes life, we will understand what motivated him to write what he did, what the meaning was behind these works, and how this changed poetry. Before Edgar Allan Poe, the common belief was that poetry should be about Truth, and that it should impart some morals. Poe disagreed, and strongly felt that poetry was not at all about passing along the Truth. Poetry should be about Beauty, and the excitementRead MoreEssay on The Death and Transfiguration of Poetry897 Words   |  4 PagesHonors September 30, 2012 The Death and Transfiguration of Poetry One of the greatest poetic minds of the 20th Century once said, â€Å"Poetry is not a turning loose of emotion, but an escape from emotion; it is not the expression of personality, but an escape from personality. But, of course, only those who have personality and emotions know what it means to want to escape from these things.† It was Solari’s chief aspiration to show this to the world. â€Å"The Death and Transfiguration of a Teacher†

Professional Research Papers Features

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Culture and Identity Free Essays

string(114) " local communities and is rooted in the experiences, customs and beliefs of the everyday life of ordinary people\." BROWNE CH 1–4 (M1203). qxp:John Q7 26/3/08 10:47 Page 29 CHAPTER 2 Culture and Identity BROWNE CH 1–4 (M1203). qxp:John Q7 26/3/08 10:47 Page 30 Contents Key issues The meaning and importance of culture Dominant culture Subculture Folk culture High culture Mass, popular or low culture The changing distinction between high culture and mass culture Global culture The concept of identity Different types of identity The socialization process Primary socialization Secondary socialization Socialization and the social construction of self and identity Theoretical approaches to the role of socialization in the formation of culture and identity Structural approaches Social action approaches A third way: structuration Social class and identity Social class Life chances Objective and subjective dimensions of class Social class cultures Is social class of declining importance in forming identities? The continuing importance of social class Gender and identity Sex and gender Gender and biology The signi? cance of gender as a source of identity Gender stereotypes and hegemonic gender identities in Britain The social construction of hegemonic gender identities through socialization Changing gender identities 31 31 31 32 32 32 33 35 36 Is there a crisis of masculinity? Is gender still an important source of identity? 4 74 38 41 43 44 44 46 46 47 47 50 50 51 51 52 53 59 60 61 61 62 63 63 65 70 Sexuality and identity Gender, sexuality and ‘normal’ sex Changing sexual identities Stigmatized or spoiled sexual identities Gay and lesbian identities A note of caution Ethnicity and identity What is meant by an ethnic identity? Diaspora and globalization Changing ethnic identities: new ethnicities and hybrid ethnic identities Ethnicity as resistance Ethnic identities in Britain Nationality and identity What is nationality? Nationality as a source of identity What is meant by a British identity? Globalization and declining national identities A British identity crisis? Disability and identity The social construction of disability Disability, socialization and stereotyping Disability as a ‘master identity’ Disability – a stigmatized or spoiled identity: an identity of exclusion Age and identity The social construction of age Age groups and identity Leisure, consumption and identity Postmodernism and identity The creation of identity in a media-saturated society How much free choice is there in choosing identities and lifestyle? Conclusion on leisure, consumption and identity Chapter summary Key terms Exam question 76 76 76 77 77 78 79 79 80 81 82 82 87 87 88 88 91 92 93 93 94 95 95 96 96 97 100 100 101 103 109 110 111 112 BROWNE CH 1–4 (M1203). We will write a custom essay sample on Culture and Identity or any similar topic only for you Order Now qxp:John Q7 26/3/08 10:47 Page 31 CHAPTER 2 Culture and Identity K EY I SS U ES ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? The meaning and importance of culture The concept of identity The socialization process Socialization and the social construction of self and identity Theoretical approaches to the role of socialization in the formation of culture and identity Social class and identity Gender and identity Sexuality and identity Ethnicity and identity Nationality and identity Disability and identity Age and identity Leisure, consumption and identity The meaning and importance of culture The term ‘culture’ refers to the language, beliefs, values and norms, customs, dress, diet, roles, knowledge and skills, and all the other things that people learn that make up the ‘way of life’ of any society. Culture is passed on from one generation to the next through the process of socialization. Although there are many aspects of everyday life which are shared by most members of societ y, there are di? erent conceptions and de? nitions of culture within this general approach. These are discussed below. The dominant culture of a society refers to the main culture in a society, which is shared, or at least accepted without opposition, by the majority of people. Dominant culture The dominant culture of a society refers to the main culture in a society, which is shared, or at least accepted without opposition, by the majority of 31 BROWNE CH 1–4 (M1203). qxp:John Q7 26/3/08 10:47 Page 32 32 | Culture and Identity people. For example, it might be argued that the main features of British culture include it being white, patriarchal and unequal, with those who are white and male having things they regard as worthwhile rated as more important than those who are female or from a minority ethnic group. Similarly, those who are rich and powerful (who are mainly also white and male) are in a position to have their views of what is valuable and worthwhile in a culture regarded as more important, and given higher status, than those of others. Subculture When societies are very small, such as small villages in traditional societies, then all people may share a common culture or way of life. However, as societies become larger and more complicated, a number of smaller groups may emerge within the larger society, with some di? erences in their beliefs and way of life. Each group having these di? erences is referred to as a subculture. Folk culture Folk culture is the culture created by local communities and is rooted in the experiences, customs and beliefs of the everyday life of ordinary people. You read "Culture and Identity" in category "Essay examples" It is ‘authentic’ rather than manufactured, as it is actively created by ordinary people themselves. Examples include traditional folk music, folk songs, storytelling and folk dances which are passed on from one generation to the next by socialization and often by direct experience. Folk culture is generally associated with pre-industrial or early industrial societies, though it still lingers on today among enthusiasts in the form of folk music and folk clubs, and the Morris dancing which features in many rural events. A subculture is a smaller culture held by a group of people within the main culture of a society, in some ways different from the main culture but with many aspects in common. Examples of subcultures include those of some young people, gypsies and travellers, gay people, different social classes and minority ethnic groups. Folk culture is the culture created by local communities and is rooted in the experiences, customs and beliefs of the everyday life of ordinary people. High culture High culture is generally seen as being superior to other forms of culture, and refers to aspects of culture that are seen as of lasting artistic or literary value, aimed at small, intellectual elites, predominantly upper-class and middleclass groups, interested in new ideas, critical discussion and analysis and who have what some might regard as ‘good taste’. High culture is seen as something set apart from everyday life, something special to be treated with respect and reverence, involving things of lasting value and part of a heritage which is worth preserving. High culture products are often found in special places, like art galleries, museums, concert halls and theatres. Examples of high culture products include serious news programmes and documentaries, classical music like that of Mozart or High culture refers to cultural products seen to be of lasting artistic or literary value, which are particularly admired and approved of by elites and the upper middle class. An elite is a small group holding great power and privilege in society. BROWNE CH 1–4 (M1203). qxp:John Q7 26/3/08 10:47 Page 33 Culture and Identity Morris dancing is an example of traditional folk culture | 33 Mass culture, sometimes called popular culture or low culture, refers to cultural products produced for sale to the mass of ordinary people. These involve massproduced, standardized, short-lived products of no lasting value, which are seen to demand little critical thought, analysis or discussion. Beethoven, the theatre, opera, jazz, foreign language or specialist ‘art’ ? lms, and what has become established literature, such as the work of Charles Dickens, Jane Austen or Shakespeare, and visual art like that of Monet, Gauguin, Picasso or Van Gogh. Mass, popular or low culture Mass culture, sometimes called popular culture or low culture, is generally contrasted with high culture. This refers to everyday culture – simple, BROWNE CH 1–4 (M1203). qxp:John Q7 26/3/08 10:47 Page 34 34 | Culture and Identity Video games are an example of popular culture undemanding, easy-to-understand entertainment, rather than something ‘set apart’ and ‘special’. Mass culture is seen by many as inferior to high culture. Such aspects of culture are a product of industrial societies. They are aimed at the mass of ordinary people, but lack roots in their daily experiences as in folk culture, and are manufactured by businesses for pro? t rather than created by the community itself re? ecting its own experiences of daily life. Popular culture involves mass-produced, standardized and short-lived products, sometimes of trivial content and seen by some as of no lasting ‘artistic’ value, largely concerned with making money for large corporations, especially the mass media. Popular culture might include mass circulation magazines, extensive coverage of celebrities, ‘red top’ tabloid newspapers like the Sun or the Mirror, television soaps and reality TV shows, dramas and thrillers, rock and pop music, video games, blockbuster feature ? lms for the mass market, and thrillers bought for reading on the beach. Such culture is largely seen as passive and unchallenging, often fairly mindless entertainment, aimed at the largest number of people possible. Some Marxists argue that mass culture maintains the ideological hegemony (or the dominance of a set of ideas) and the power of the dominant social class in society. This is because the consumers of mass culture are lulled into an uncritical, undemanding passivity, making them less likely to challenge the dominant ideas, groups and interests in society. BROWNE CH 1–4 (M1203). qxp:John Q7 26/3/08 10:47 Page 35 Culture and Identity | 35 The changing distinction between high culture and mass culture Some now argue that the distinction between high culture and mass culture is weakening. Postmodernist writers, in particular, argue that mass markets and consumption now make the distinction between high and popular culture meaningless. There has been a huge expansion of the creative and cultural industries, such as advertising, television, ? lm, music, and book and magazine publishing. This means there is now a huge range of media and cultural products available to all. Technology in industrial societies, such as mass communication technology like the internet, music downloads, cable, satellite and digital television, ? lm and radio, printing for both mass production and personal use in the home, the global reach of modern mass media technology, the mass production of goods on a world scale and easier international transportation, make all forms of culture freely available to everyone. Such technology enables original music and art and other cultural products to be consumed by the mass of people in their own homes without visiting specialized institutions like theatres or art galleries. High culture is no longer simply the preserve of cultural elites. People now have a wider diversity of cultural choices and products available to them than ever before in history, and can ‘pick and mix’ from either popular or high culture. High culture art galleries, like Tate Modern in London, are now attracting very large numbers of visitors, from very diverse backgrounds. Live opera is now available to the masses, through popular ? gures like the OperaBabes, or concerts in the park. Strinati (1995) argues that elements of high culture have now become a part of popular culture, and elements of popular culture have been incorporated into high culture, and that there is therefore no longer any real distinction between high and popular culture, and it is ever more di? cult for any one set of ideas of what is worthwhile culture to dominate in society. For example, artist Andy Warhol painted thirty pictures of Leonardo da Vinci’s Mona Lisa in di? erent colours, arguing that ‘thirty was better than one’, turning high culture art into popular culture. Although Warhol’s work has been marketed to millions through postcards and posters, at the same time it is widely admired by the supporters of high culture. In 2007 there was some controversy in Britain when the Victoria and Albert Museum in London, generally seen as an institution of high culture, held ‘Kylie: The Exhibition’ – an exhibition of costumes, album covers, accessories, photos and videos from the career of the then 38-year-old pop singer Kylie Minogue. This drew widespread accusations from critics that high culture was being ‘dumbed down’. High culture art forms are themselves increasingly being turned into products for sale in the mass market for consumption by the mass of BROWNE CH 1–4 (M1203). qxp:John Q7 26/3/08 10:47 Page 36 36 | Culture and Identity ordinary people, and there is no longer anything special about art, as it is incorporated into daily life. Technology now means mass audiences can see and study high culture products, such as paintings by artists like Van Gogh, on the internet or TV, and have their own framed print hanging on their sitting-room wall. The originals may still only be on show in art galleries and museums, but copies are available to everyone. High culture art like the Mona Lisa or Van Gogh’s Sun? owers are now reproduced on everything from socks and t-shirts to chocolates and can lids, mugs, mouse mats, tablemats, jigsaws and posters. (Visit or for some bizarre images and uses of the Mona Lisa. ) Classical music is used as a marketing tune by advertisers, and literature is turned into TV series and major mass movies, such as Jane Austen’s Pride and Prejudice. Global culture Global culture refers to the way globalization has undermined national and local cultures, with cultural products and ways of life in di? erent countries of the world becoming more alike. The same cultural and consumer products are now sold across the world, inspired by media advertising and a shared mass culture spread through a media-generated culture industry, and they have become part of the ways of life of many di? erent societies. For example, television companies sell their programmes and programme formats like Big Brother and Who Wants to be a Millionaire? globally. Companies like McDonald’s, Coca Cola, Vodaphone, Starbucks, Nescafe, Sony and Nike are now symbols that are recognized across the world, along with the consumer lifestyles and culture associated with them. As Ritzer (2004) shows, using the example of the American food industry, companies and brands now operate on a global scale. For example, McDonald’s is a worldwide business, with 26,500 restaurants in more than 119 countries (in 2007), Pizza Hut and Kentucky Fried Chicken operate in 100 countries, and Subway in 72 countries, with Starbucks growing at a colossal speed. It is now possible to buy an identical food product practically anywhere in the world, promoting a global culture and also weakening local cultures, as local food outlets close in the face of competition and local diets change. Combined with global marketing of ? lms, music, computer games, food and clothes, football and other consumer products, these have made cultures across the world increasingly similar, with people watching the same TV programmes and ? lms, eating the same foods, wearing the same designer clothes and labels, and sharing many aspects of their lifestyles and identities. Global culture refers to the way cultures in different countries of the world have become more alike, sharing increasingly similar consumer products and ways of life. This has arisen as globalization has undermined national and local cultures. Globalization is the growing interdependence of societies across the world, with the spread of the same culture, consumer goods and economic interests across the globe. BROWNE CH 1–4 (M1203). qxp:John Q7 26/3/08 10:47 Page 37 The Mona Lisa †¦ Leonardo da Vinci’s Mona Lisa, c. 1503–1507, oil on poplar, The Louvre, Paris †¦ now has a spliff to relax and a mobile to keep in touch Mona Stoner, c. 2006, posted on internet: Fine art is now available on cubes to play with Source: The Mona Lisa is transformed into a window blind In what ways do these pictures illustrate the erosion of the distinction between high culture and popular culture? Try to think of other examples of this BROWNE CH 1–4 (M1203). qxp:John Q7 26/3/08 10:47 Page 38 38 | Culture and Identity Activity 1 Refer to the pictures on this page, and explain in what ways they illustrate global culture. Try to think of other consumer products that are also global. 2 In what ways do you think consuming these products also involves lifestyle choices? For example, what’s the difference between having a coffee in Starbucks and in the local cafe (apart from the coffee itself)? Explain what lifestyle you think is identi? ed with your selected products. Identify and explain, with examples, three differences between high culture, mass culture and folk culture. 4 Identify and explain three reasons why the distinction between high culture and popular culture might be weakening. Globalization means that many of the same product brands are now fo und in many countries of the world. The concept of identity Identity is about how individuals or groups see and de? ne themselves, and how other individuals or groups see and de? ne them. Identity is formed through the socialization process and the in? uence of social institutions like the family, the education system and the mass media. The concept of identity is an important one, as it is only through establishing our own identities and earning about the identities of other individuals and groups that we come to know what makes us similar to some people and di? erent from others, and therefore form social connections with them. How you see yourself will in? uence the friends you have, who you will marry or live with, and the communities and groups to which you relate and belong. If people did not have an identity, they would lack the means of identifying with or relating to their peer group, to their neighbours, to the communities BROWNE CH 1–4 (M1203). qxp:John Q7 3/4/08 1 5:49 Page 39 Culture and Identity | 39 in which they lived or to the people they came across in their everyday lives. Identity therefore ‘? ts’ individuals into the society in which they live. The identity of individuals and groups involves both elements of personal choice and the responses and attitudes of others. Individuals are not free to adopt any identity they like, and factors like their social class, their ethnic group and their sex are likely to in? uence how others see them. The identity that an individual wants to assert and which they may wish others to see them having may not be the one that others accept or recognize. An Asian woman, for example, may not wish to be identi? ed primarily as an Asian or a woman, but as a senior manager or entertainer. However, if others still ‘Look, don’t identify me by the size and shape of my body, my social class, y job, my gender, my ethnicity, my sexuality, my nationality, my age, my religion, my education, my friends, my lifestyle, how much money I earn, the clothes I wear, the books I read, where I go shopping, the way I decorate my house, the television programmes and movies I watch, my leisure and sports ac tivities, the car I drive, the music I listen to, the drinks I like, the food I eat, the clubs I go to, where I go on holiday, the way I speak or my accent, the things I say, the things I do, or what I believe in. I’m just me. OK? ’ continue to see her primarily in terms of her ethnic and gender characteristics, she may ? nd it di? cult to assert her chosen identity. Similarly, the pensioner who sees him or herself as ‘young at heart’ may still be regarded as an old person by others. Individuals have multiple identities, asserting di? erent identities in di? erent circumstances. An individual may, for example, de? ne herself primarily as a Muslim in her family or community, as a manager at her work, as a lesbian in her sexual life, or as a designer-drug-user in her peer group. While the example of the Muslim, lesbian, drug-taking manager might seem a somewhat unlikely mix of identities, it does suggest that it is possible for people to assert di? erent identities or impressions of themselves in di? erent social situations. Identities may also change over time. For example, as people grow older they may begin to see themselves as di? erent from when they were younger, How to cite Culture and Identity, Essay examples

Rapidly Developing Macroeconomics in Chile

South America is one of the world’s most rapidly growing economies. With wise fiscal policies, efficient manufacturing, trade, and a well-functioning system of foreign relations, South America is gradually becoming one of the most important players of the global economic market.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Rapidly Developing Macroeconomics in Chile specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Despite somewhat slow rates of economic growth in the past, most South American economies have been able to regain their economic balance and have undergone profound economic shifts. Chile is no exception: a country with brilliant economic prospects, Chile exemplifies a triumph of modern economic thinking, coupled with well-designed fiscal policies, trade and exports. 2011 promised another leap forward, but in light of the recent economic downturn, Chile must be particularly cautious in its macroeconomic decisions. C hile is well-known for its economic successes. A market-oriented economy, Chile relies on trade and mineral resources, mainly copper (CIA, 2011). Exports account for nearly one-fourth of the country’s GDP, with three-fourths of total exports made up by mineral resources and commodities (CIA, 2011). Strong financial institutions, perfect business reputation, low inflation, and effective economic reforms support Chile in its way to macroeconomic excellence (CIA, 2011). The history of macroeconomic reforms in Chile dates back to the beginning of the 1990s, when the military government initiated the first economic reform (CIA, 2011). Since then, the country’s GDP growth has averaged 4% annually (CIA, 2011). Chile grew committed to trade liberalisation and eventually signed a free trade agreement with the United States; the latter gave an impetus to the country’s rapid economic growth (CIA, 2011). That Chile relies on foreign trade and opens its markets to internatio nal competition does not mean that it is more susceptible to global crises than the rest of the developed world (OECD, 2010). Previous economic achievements provide Chile with a strong competitive advantage. Most probably, even in the toughest economic conditions, Chile will be able to rebound from economic recessions much more rapidly than other developed countries (OECD, 2010). Simultaneously, present day Chile is not entirely immune from the risks of economic downfalls. A brief insight into the country’s GDP and its changes over time will create a complete picture of the macroeconomic situation in Chile.Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Gross Domestic Product is fairly considered as the most relevant measure of any country’s economic wellbeing. It is â€Å"the market value of all the final goods and services produced within in a country in a given t ime period† (Parkin 2007, p.77). The main variables comprising the GDP are consumption expenditures, investment, net exports, and government expenses (Parkin, 2007). Real GDP is calculated at constant prices and used to judge changes in the macroeconomic situation over time (Parkin 2007). In 2010, Chile’s GDP was $257.9 billion – the 46th result among countries with the highest GDP (CIA, 2010). Compared to $245 billion in 2009 and $249.2 billion in 2008, the country demonstrated good GDP growth trends (CIA, 2011). Apparently, Chile managed to restore its economic position and quickly rebound from the shock of the global economic recession in 2008-09. In 2010, Chile’s GDP grew 5.3% (CIA, 2011). It is due to wise fiscal policies and productive relations with the foreign partners that Chile was able to meet its macroeconomic goals. In the first quarter of 2011, Chile’s GDP grew 1.3% (Trading Economics, 2011). This is more than was forecasted at the end of 2010 (Reuters, 2011). Strong domestic demand (up 14.6 percent in the first quarter of 2011) is the key factor of sustained economic growth in Chile (Reuters, 2011). Foreign direct investments complete the picture of economic success in Chile (Reuters, 2011). At present, macroeconomic performance in Chile outpaces even the most optimistic expectations, and the country is likely to remain at the forefront of South America’s economic development in the nearest future. With strong financial institutions, Chile has everything needed to deal with possible economic shocks without compromising its long-term macroeconomic targets (OECD, 2010). Nonetheless, the country is not entirely immune from the negative influences of global crises. In the face of a new economic recession, Chile must be particularly cautious in its macroeconomic choices. Years of macroeconomic success have made Chile extremely resilient to the major economic downfalls. After the global recession of 2008-09, Ch ile continues to irradiate unchangeable economic optimism. Following the earthquake of 2010, Chile lost nearly 17% of its GDP (CIA, 2011). Today,Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Rapidly Developing Macroeconomics in Chile specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More the Chilean government conducts a rule-based countercyclical fiscal policy, accumulating surpluses in sovereign wealth funds and [†¦] allowing deficit spending only during periods of low copper prices. (CIA, 2011) Unfortunately, recent events in the world and the U.S. credit rating downgrade imply that Chile must be prepared for a new period of recession. Low copper prices are likely to follow. As of today, exports of mineral resources make up about 50% of the country’s exports (Trading Economics, 2011). Excessive reliance on mineral exports makes Chile extremely vulnerable to the risks of global financial crises. In this situation, economic diversification and investments in other industries, including tourism and services, can support the country through the major macroeconomic difficulties and guarantee long-term GDP growth. It is high time Chile developed a new vision of its macroeconomic future. Conclusion South America is one of the world’s most rapidly developing economies. Chile is no exception: the country exemplifies a triumph of modern economic thinking, well-designed fiscal policies, and reasonable approach to trade and exports. Chile quickly restored its macroeconomic position after the crisis of 2008-09. At present, macroeconomic performance in Chile outpaces even the most optimistic expectations, and the country is likely to remain at the forefront of South American economic development in the nearest time. However, recent changes in the global macroeconomic conjuncture suggest that Chile must be prepared for a new recession. Diversification and investments in industries other than mineral resource s will help the country to survive through another financial turmoil. It is high time Chile developed a new vision of its macroeconomic future. References CIA. (2011). South America: Chile. The World Factbook. Web.Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More OECD. (2010). Latin American economic outlook 2010. Organization for Cooperation and Development. Web. Parkin, M. (2007). Measuring GDP and economic growth. University of Wisconsin-Whitewater. Web. Reuters. (2011). Update 2 – Chile Q1 GDP growth picks up despite rising rates. Reuters. Web. Trading Economics. (2011). Chile GDP growth rate. Trading Economics. Web. This research paper on Rapidly Developing Macroeconomics in Chile was written and submitted by user Johnathan Rasmussen to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

References Essays - Cognitive Disorders, Psychiatric Diagnosis

References Essays - Cognitive Disorders, Psychiatric Diagnosis References Beach, Thomas G. (1987). The history of Alzheimers Disease: three debates. Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences, 42, 327-349. Blenow, Kaj, Wallin, Anders Clinical subgroups of Alzheimers Disease. In V. Olga, B. Emory and Thomas E. Oxman (Eds.), Dementia: Presentations, Differential Diagnosis, and Nosology. Baltimore: The John Hopkins University Press. Carson, Robert C and Butcher, James N (1992). Abnormal psychology and modern life. New York: Harper Collins publishers Clarfield, A. Mark. (1989). Canadian consensus conference of the assessment of dementia. Montreal: the Canadian Consensus Conference on the Assessment of Dementia. Cummings, Jeffery L. (1988). Dementia of the Alzheimer type: challenges and definition and clinical diagnosis. In Harry A. Whitaker (Ed.), Neuropsychological studies of nonfocal brain damage. New York: Springer-Verlag New York Inc. Derix, Mayke M.A. (1994). Neuropsychological differentiation of dementia syndromes. Amsterdam: Swets & Zeitlinger B.V., Lisse. Graves, Amy B. and Kukull, Walter A. (1994). The epidemiology of dementia. In John C. Morris (Ed.), Handbook of dementing illnesses. New York: Marcel Dekker Inc. Hart, Siobhan and Semple, James M (1990). Neuropsychology and the dementias. London: Taylor & Francis Ltd. Katzman, Robert, Lasker, Bruce and Bernstein, Nancy. (1988) Advances in the diagnosis of dementia: accuracy of diagnosis and consequences of misdiagnosis of disorders causing dementia. In Robert D. Terry (Ed.), Aging and the brain. New York: Raven Press. Lezak, Muriel Deutsch. (1995). Neuropsychological assessment (Third edition). New York: Oxford University Press. Mahendra, B. (1984). Dementia a survey of the syndrome of dementia. Lancaster: MTP Press Limited. Marco, L.A. (1995). Alzheimers dementia and related disorders: genetic and molecular pathology. In Manfred Bergner and Sanford I. Finkel (Eds.), Treating Alzheimers and other dementias. New York: Springer Publishing. Mirra, Suzanne S., The neuropathology of dementia. In John C. Morris (Ed.), Handbook of dementing illnesses. New York: Marcel Dekker Inc. Morris, John C. (1994). Evaluation of the demented patient. In John C. Morris (Ed.), Handbook of dementing illnesses. New York: Marcel Dekker Inc. Plum, Fred. (1987). Dementia. In George Adelman (Ed.), Encyclopedia of Neuroscience (Volume 1). Boston: Birkhauser. Schmitt, Frederick A. and Sano, Mary C. (1994). Neuropsychological approaches to the study of dementia. In John C. Morris (Ed.), Handbook of dementing illnesses. New York: Marcel Dekker Inc. Schneider, Lon S. (1994). Experimental pharmacotherapy of primary symptoms of dementia. In John C. Morris (Ed.), Handbook of dementing illnesses. New York: Marcel Dekker Inc.

Where to Find FreeSSAT Practice Tests Complete Collection

Where to Find FreeSSAT Practice Tests Complete Collection SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips If you (or your child) are applying to a private or independent elementary, middle, or high school, you may have heard of the SSAT. Often used as an entrance exam, the SSAT is a series of standardized tests that can be administered to students in grades 3-11. The SSAT, or Secondary School Admissions Test, is a standardized exam often given to students hoping to enter a private or independent elementary, middle, or high school. If you want to boost your chances of getting into one of these schools, working on SSAT practice tests is a great way to do it. Here, I’ll discuss where you can find these practice tests (both official and unofficial), and how you should use them. I’ll wrap up with important SSAT test-taking tips. What’s on the SSAT? There are three different levels of SSAT tests. The number and type of questions on the test will depend on students’ grade level: Elementary Level - For students applying to grades 4-5 Middle Level - For students applying to grades 6-8 High School Level - For students applying to grades 9-12 Although the content will vary based on level, you’ll find these sections on each of the tests: An unscored writing sample A quantitative/mathematics section A reading comprehension section A verbal section Official SSAT Practice Tests When it comes to preparing for any standardized test, official practice tests or sample questions are the gold standard for study material. Using real SSAT questions will help you better understand exactly what you should expect on test day. Unfortunately, there aren’t a ton of official practice materials out there - not as many students prep for the SSAT as for other standardized tests (like the SAT or ACT). Here’s where you can find these official materials: Sample Questions The SSAT publishes official sample questions for each level of the exam. These are free, but the amount of material available is extremely limited: Elementary-level sample questions Middle-level sample questions Upper-level sample questions The SSAT Official Guides The makers of the SSAT publish official test prep guides that include sample questions and full-length practice tests. These are the best available sources for practice materials, as the other official resources don’t give students many problems to work with. To get your hands on the most recent Middle and Upper-Level Official Guides (2015-2016), you’ll have to purchase them through the SSAT website. These guides include two full-length practice tests, scoring instructions and explanations, descriptions of question types, and information about registering for the SSAT. Both the Upper and Middle-Level guides cost $37 through the site. The most recent Elementary-Level Guides (2015-2016) arefree to download through the SSAT site, although they include less information and less practice material than the guides available for purchase. They eachinclude one half-length practice test, info on test format and question types, sample testing schedule, test day info, and preparation advice. There are separate guides available for students in Grade 3 and Grade 4. How to Use Official SSAT Practice Tests and Questions Because official practice problems are hard to come by, you’ll want to be careful with how you use them. Like I mentioned, using official SSAT tests is really important when it comes to getting a feel for different question types and overall test format. I encourage you to save any full-length tests for mimicking real testing conditions. This means following through with all test policies and timing instructions in a controlled setting - it’s best if you can sit through an entire practice test all at once. This will give you the best idea of what your performance will be like on the actual exam. As for the sampling of official SSAT questions provided on the website? These are great for question analysis. As part of your study plan, spend some time looking closely at these questions and thinking about what they’re asking and how they’re written (spend extra time on questions you get wrong). Official SSAT questions have their own style and logic (unofficial sources usually aren’t great at imitating these sorts of questions). If you notice you’re having difficulty with a certain question type, these sample questions will serve as great practice and review. You don’t need to replicate exact testing conditions, but you’ll get the best practice experience if you treat full-length tests like the real thing. Unofficial SSAT Practice Tests Since there isn’t that much practice material for the SSAT, you may end up turning to unofficial sources for practice tests. Ivy Global Ivy Global has free questions organized by level and section. They may be helpful for reviewing test content, but they shouldn’t be used to get a feel for actual SSAT questions and format - the style in which the questions are presented are pretty different from the actual test. The materials available for download are best used if you print them out and work on them by hand since the actual SSAT is done on paper, not on the computer. Varsity Tutors Varsity Tutors offers free Upper-level and Middle-level practice, with questions organized by skill type. These might serve well as supplemental material, but don’t expect them to look like official SSAT practice problems. 4tests.com The questions on 4test.com aren’t particularly similar to what you’d see on the SSAT. You can only see one question at a time, and you can only work on them online. Key SSAT Test Taking Tips Now that you have access to all of this prep material, you may be wondering what to do with it. Follow these tips and strategies to get the most out of your SSAT prep. Start With a Real Baseline Start with a full SSAT test to get a baseline score. It’s important to use an official test for this, as unofficial diagnostic tests won’t give you a good sense of what the SSAT is like or what your strengths and weaknesses are. You can’t get a valid baseline score without using one of those official SSAT practice tests. Practice Skills and Review Content With Unofficial Materials Supplements Once you have your baseline, analyze your mistakes and errors (link out) and focus on your weaknesses. Most serious weaknesses will be in content comprehension - use study materials like textbooks and notes to raise your scores. Use Official SSATs as Full Practice Tests After you’ve spent some time improving on your weaknesses, use official practice tests to test your knowledge and gain familiarity with test formatting. Take these exams under real testing conditions - time them properly and work in a quiet room with no distractions. What’s Next? The SSATsaren’t the only standardized tests out there for younger students. Read more about ACT Aspire and get your hands on official practice tests. Thinking about the future? Read about whether you should start prepping for the SAT/ACT in 7th or 8th grade.

Answers to Cases Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Answers to Cases - Case Study Example The armed force and militias systematically loot several minerals and raw materials including coltan from eastern part of Congo. They utilize this profit for their operation funding. Stakeholder Theory Approach This case study is all about the Coltan conflict in Congo. A particular business firm can address to the views or opinions of several stakeholders linked with a specific issue through stakeholder approach. Stakeholder theory approach helps an organization to manage and control several critical conflicts and issues. There are two kinds of stakeholders, such as non-market stakeholders and market stakeholders. This part of the report will discuss about the contribution of these two categories of stakeholders. In-Market Stakeholders In this specific case; employees, customers and suppliers are considered as the in-market stakeholders. Employees of an organization are considered as the important stakeholders of an organization. It is important for the organizations to maintain heal th and safety standards of the employees. However, this coltan conflict in Congo can force the employees to raise their voice against the management, but several regional and political conflicts are the major reason behind these issues. Customers are the other important stakeholders. High consumption volume and numbers measures the growth and profitability of an organization within this industry. Loot and smuggle of this coltan raw material by the Congo’s militias stopping the global electronic organizations to meet market demand. Supply chain system of Congo is very much complex due to internal regional conflicts of the country. Suppliers can be considered as other major stakeholder within an electronic industry. Local, regional and global traders are trying to maintain effective supply chain despite the impossible sourcing of coltan raw material. Non-Market Stakeholders With respect to the case, communities and government are considered as the non-market stakeholders. Commu nities like NGOs, group of electronic firms, electronic industry citizenship coalition collaboratively tried to develop conflict-free assessment programme to help the global organization to avail conflict free raw materials. On the other hand, role of government of Congo is not impressive since last four decades. They should review and control the conflicts during the starting phase through strict administrative action. However, government and several organizations are collaboratively trying to ban the conflict. Stakeholder Map Coltan conflict in Congo affected the global electronic supply chain. The country was suffering from several regional conflicts after Second World War. Coltan is a key raw material that is utilized in the manufacturing process of several electronic goods. Congo is the major sourcing country of coltan. Militias and armed force of Congo generally loot and smuggle this coltan and make huge profit. Government of the country failed to take strict actions against t hese issues. This conflict affected the supply chain and social life of the workers. Lack of machineries and poor workplace environment can result serious workplace hazard. Looking into these matters, government of Congo and several electronic

Differences Between a Business Proposal and Formal Research Essay

Differences Between a Business Proposal and Formal Research - Essay Example But the major similarity is that both try to find out certain interrelationships and causes of a given social situation. The potential of formal research is in that it â€Å"contributes to the theory and body of knowledge generated in the science of management† and also might â€Å"facilitate practitioners understanding of organzations and result in improved practices† (Buckley et al., 33). In this way, it can have a theoretical and practical side. But a business proposal is only about utility and faces the question, â€Å"how to manage?† (Buckley et al., 33). The potential of formal research is in that it can generate pure generalizable â€Å"theoretical†, information, supported by data which is generated through scientific tools and methods (Buckley et al., 33). On the contrary, the strength of a business proposal is in that it is focused on practical solutions, anchored in logic, and is â€Å"guided by case examples and common sense† which are used as data so that a practitioner can assimilate and make use of it easily (Buckley et al., 33-34). The formal research helps preparing study material for the future practitioners but a business proposal has a contextual value alone and is rarely generalizable (Buckley et al., 34). But a business proposal points to the real issues that need further introspection and correction while formal research might linger on some topic that satisfies an academic fancy. A business proposal can be written in a wide variety of formats and styles while a formal research paper needs to follow a particular writing and citation style like APA, MLA and so on (prismleadership, n.d.). A business proposal starts with an executive summary while the research paper will begin with an abstract (prismleadership.com, n.d.). But both an abstract and an executive summary serve almost the same purpose of giving the findings and discussion in the paper in a capsule form. A business proposal aims at decision making in a particular business context while a research paper looks forward to â€Å"careful framing of the area of concern as a potential contribution to scholarly research† (prismleadership.com, n.d.). In a business proposal, the research question will be like a direct inquiry about â€Å"the best possible solution to a business problem† whereas a research frames its research questions in such a way that they â€Å"can be proven as an experiment: q uantitative, qualitative and mixed methods† (prismleadership.com). The design of a business proposal will be about including all possible alternatives to a particular question of concern but a research paper deals with only specific number of chosen methodologies (prismleadership.com, n.d.). Last but not least, a business paper will be reviewing only â€Å"proprietary and industry-specific literature† while a research paper will review â€Å"recent and reputable scholarly sources† (prismleadership.com). A business proposal usually contain an introduction, executive summary, â€Å"background information, the proposal, staffing requirements, a budget and an autherization request† (Guffey, Rogin and Rhodes, 340). But a formal research comprise of: General observation...preliminary data gathering...literature review...theoretical framework...hypotheses...scientific research design...collect(ion) (of) data analysis and interpretation...deduction...report writin g...report presentation...(and)...managerial decision making (Sekaran, 2009). Part-2 H3: Can organizational learning be considered a predictor of effective strategic management? Literature review Organisational learning is a process by which â€Å"whole organizations or their components adapt to changing environments by generating and selectively adopting organizational routines†

Analysis Of The Movie Fast Five

Analysis Of The Movie Fast Five Fast Five is also known as Fast Furious 5 or Fast Furious 5: Rio Heist which was written by Chris Morgan and directed by Justin Lin. It is the fifth instalment in the Fast and the Furious movie series. It was released in Malaysia on 5th May 2011. The characters in the movie are Dominic Toretto (Vin Diesel), Brian OConner (Paul Walker), Mia Toretto (Jordana Brewster), Gisele Harabo (Gal Gadot), Han Lue (Sung Kang), Elena Neves (Elsa Pataky), Monica Fuentes, Roman Pearce (Tyrese Gibson), Luke Hobbs (Dwanyne Johnson), Hernan Reyes (Joaquim de Almeida), Tej Parker (Ludacris), Zizi (Michael Irby), Tego Leo (Tego Calderon), Vince (Matt Schulze) , Rico Santos (Don Omar). Fast five was the fifth highest grossing movie in Malaysia movie industry for the year 2011 that made RM 16,535,815. Basically, this movie was on a budget of $125 million and the shooting of Fast Five had started by July 14, 2010. Basically the main location of shooting was in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The reasons we choose this movie is to review the good values that contained in the movie. We watched that movie before and we find it very interesting as the movie involved in situations that relate to our reality life for example, case of bribery and gambling. Furthermore, this movie valued a good relationship between siblings; between brother and sister (Dominic Toretto and Mia Toretto) and among their friends as well. Other than that, most values in this movie are related to this course, organizational behaviour. For example, they are using decision making to make decision. Besides, they applied team work to complete their mission. Each of the team members has their own role to make their mission success. ANALYSIS OF THE MOVIE FAST FIVE Main Storyline The story starts when Dominic Toretto is confirmed to be in jail for his previous wrong doings. When he is being transported to Lompoc Maximum Security Prison by bus, his sister Mia Toretto and friend Brian OConner lead an assault on the bus and causing the bas to crash with their cars hence freeing Dom. After the incidence, the authorities search for them and the trio escapes to Rio de Janeiro. In a meanwhile, Mia and Brian look for their friend, Vince on a job to steal three cars from a train. At the Vinces house, Mia found out that she is pregnant Brians child. The next day, Brian and Mia discover that agents from the U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) are also on the train and that the cars are seized property. When Dom arrives with the rest of the participants, they start to steal the car. The conflict begins when Dominic realizes that one of the participants, Zizi, is only interested in stealing one car, a Ford GT40. Dom quickly made a decision as he orders Mia to drive the car and change their plan. After Mia has driven the car, Dominic and Brian fight with Zizi and Zizis friend. Later, Zizi kills the DEA agents assigned to the vehicles and Dominic take this opportunity to escape and he is succeed; however Dom and Brian are captured and brought to crime lord Hernan Reyes, the owner of the cars and Zizis boss. Reyes orders his men to interrogate them to discove r the location of the car, but they manage to escape and return to their safe house. Dom found out that the car Ford GT40 is very important to Reyes and they try to discover its importance. At the same time, Vince arrives to their safe house and later he is caught trying to remove a computer chip from the car and Dom saw it. Vince said he will sell the chip to Reyes on his own and get things clear with Reyes but Dom forces him to leave. Brian investigates the chip and he discovers that the chip contains details of Reyes criminal empire, including the locations of US$100 million in cash. Next, the murder of the DEA agents aboard the train is been blamed on Dom and his team. Diplomatic Security Service (DSS), agent Luke Hobbs Chief of Police and his team arrive in Rio and want to arrest Dom and Brian. With the help of local officer, Elena Neves, they travel to Doms safe house. At the same time, Reyes men also attack them. Brian, Dom and Mia escape successfully. Dom suggests they split up and leave Rio, but Mia announces she is pregnant Brians child. Dom agrees to stick together and suggests they steal Reyes money to start a new life. Later, Dom, Brian and Mia organize a team to perform the heist, recruiting Han Seoul-Oh, Roman Pearce, Tej Parker, Gisele Yashar, Leo and Santos. Vince later joins the team after saving Mia from being captured by Reyes men and earning Doms trust once more. Agent Hobbs and his team eventually find and arrest Dom, Mia, Brian and Vince. While transporting them to the airport for extradition to the United States, the convoy is attacked by Reyes men, who kill Hobbs team. Hobbs and Elena are saved by Dom, Brian, Mia and Vince as they fight back against Reyes men and escape, but Vince is shot in the process and he dies. Wanting to avenge his murdered team, agent Hobbs and Elena agree to help them with the heist. The gang plans how to break into the police station where Reyes money is kept and tear the vault from the building using their cars. On the day planned, they manage to tear the vault and dragging it. As expected, the police pursuit them trough the city. Believing they cannot outrun the police, Dom makes Brian continue without him while he attacks the police and using the vault attached to his car to smash their vehicles. Reyes is dead by the smash of the vault. However, Zizi is still alive and a quick action by Brian, he manages to shoot Zizi. Agent Hobbs arrives on the scene. Agent Hobbs refuses to let Dom and Brian go free but, unwilling to arrest them, agrees to give them a 24-hour head start to escape. The gang splits Reyes money. Some of the amount is given to Vinces family as reward and as compensation of Vinces dead. Lastly, all the members go their separate ways and live with their own life freely. Main Characters Dominic Toretto Vin Diesel Character Dominic Toretto is portrayed by Vin Diesel. He is an elite street racer, auto mechanic, ex-convict and brother to Mia Toretto. Even though he is very rough but he loves his sister and gives her protection. In the movie, he is the leader of the gang which planned to reveal the corruption by Hernen Reyes and also plan how to break into the police station where Reyess corruption money is kept. Brian OConner Paul Walker Brian OConner is played by Paul Walker. Brian OConner leads an assault on the bus and causing the bas to crash with their cars hence freeing Dom. He is the fastest racer and during the heist of the vault, he is helping Dominic to tear the vault from the police station by his car and dragging the vault. He is a brave man. This shows when he bravely shoots Reyess men, Zizi. He is a loving man as well as he loves Mia so much and later at the end of the movie he lives happily with Mia is pregnant his child. Mia Toretto Jordana Brewster She is Dominics sister and Brians love interest. In this movie, she assists Dominics team in the heist by staying back at the base and monitors the traffic for them to avoid the police. Character Mia Toretto is portrayed by Jordana Brewster. Roman Pearce Tyrese Gibson Roman Pearce is portrayed by Tyrese Gibson. He is a childhood friend of Brian OConner. In Fast Five, Roman appears as part of Dominic and Brians in their attempt to steal a vault from a corrupt Brazilian businessman. He is reluctant at first, thinking the mission is personal and not being good business until Dominic utters the vault is full one hundred million dollars in cash which is enough to change his mind. In this movie, he is the most talkative and he went to the police station to send a robot as camera on how to steal the vault. Ludacris Tej Parker He is one of the Dominics team in stealing the vault. He is brilliant as he can solve the security code of the vault. Sung Kang Han Seoul-Oh He is one of the members of Dominics heist team to steal the vault. In Fast Five, he act as a precision driver and a chameleon. Gisele Harabo Gal Gadot. He is also one the members in Dominics heist team. Her role in this movie is she used to seduce the criminal corruptor, Hernan Reyes to get his hands print to open the vault later on. Luke Hobbs Dwayne Johnson He acts as an agent from DSS. His mission is to caught Dominic and his friends because they are suspecting of killing the DEA officer when they steal a luxurys car on the train. Later he realizes that Reyes is a corruptor only then help Dominic and the gang. Elena Neves Elsa Pataky She is helping agent Hobbs to catch Dominic and his friends. Later, she also help Dominics team to steal the vault. Diversity The main characters in this movie are different from one another. The diversity in the characters can be seen in various aspects like genders, age, ethnicity and skill. Two of them are women while the others is men. In the team of Dominic Toretto, consists of two women and the rest is men. Although Mia and Gisela are women, they are welcomed to the group just like the men. They are not underestimating by the group and are given the tasks just like the men. There are also different stages of age. The characters are of the age between 20 to 40 years old. Dominic Toretto is the eldest among all members in the group. The characters also come from different background, race and ethnicity. Furthermore, they come from the various nations around the world for instance, United State of America, London and Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. In Fast Furious 5, the members are calling back from the place they belong to by Dom and OConner to accomplish a task. In addition, the characters in this movie have their own skill and talent. Dominic Toretto and Brian OConner is a street racer. They are very precision driver, do not crack under pressure and never lose. Han is someone who can blend in anywhere. Roman is a fast talker. He can do anything just according his way. The expert person in circuit goes to Tej. A woman with the expertise in dealing with utilities and weapons is Gisele who also someone who are not afraid to throw down her target. However, they are all same in talent and professionalism in driving. Besides that, Hobbs is acknowledged as the governments version of the best bounty hunter on the planet. Attitudes According the research in Organisation Behaviour, there are three major attitudes which are job satisfaction, job involvement, and organizational commitment. In the movie, the characters are having job satisfaction as they hold positive feelings about their job. Just like Hobbs, he is very exciting to do the job as he like his job so much. Although all of the case he faced is very challenging, he always committed to do it as he takes the difficulties positively. Job involvement can be seen in all the characters. Dom and friends are involved in the robbery of Reyess money because they feel that they are worth it if they do steal the money. They will get a lot of benefits compared to the degree of consequences that they may face if they are caught. Dom is a good leader which he involve all the members in decision making thus they feel that they are part of the task and team. In organisational commitment, the Doms friends are the good example. They have identified a particular team and its goal, so they decide to remain as a member and willingly to give a full effort to achieve the goal. It is where someone feels like he is belong to the organisation, he tend to stay longer in it. Similarly, Reyess followers also do the same thing. Emotions and Moods This action movie portrayed a lot of emotions and moods. The emotions that can be identified through the characters facial expression are anger, fear, happiness, hate, hope, joy and love. On the other hand, the basic moods consist of high positive affect and high negative effect. The scenes where Vince wants to steal the chip create anger and hate emotion in Dom. He feels very mad as he thinks Vince want to betray him. Fear of the money would be steal by Doms, Reyes try his best to put his box money in the safest place that is Police Station to make sure Doms cannot have it. Love is blossoms in three partners; Dom with Elina, OConner with Mia and Han with Gisela. This movie has a happy ending scene. Therefore, all characters are happy and enjoy their life meaningfully. In high positive effect, all characters are excited and alert to do their job. They are committed to finish the job until the end. The moods for high negative affect is when the situation are getting worst and tense at time the police ambush the place where Dom are hiding just after they has work on their first plan. Dom, Mia, OConner and Vince have been arrested at the moment. vi) Personality Types Four of main characters in this movie are Dominic, Brian OConner, Hernan Reyes and Agent L. Hobbs. Therefore, there is few personality types can be identified in those characters. The first one is Dominic, from MBTI concept, he can be classified as sensing as he prefers order and focus on details. This can be seen on how he made the strategy and choose who he needs to do the job before he started the robbery. Plus, it can be proved on how he collects the data in details. For example, to break into the police station, he made research how the police station looks like and where the vault is stored. Next, according to Big Five Personality Model (BFPM), he scores high on conscientiousness which he is shown as a very responsible, organized, dependable and persistent. As a leader, he leads the job very well and able to assign which person to their ability are. Most of the other members depend on him as the job is too risky, yet he is still able to gain trust from his members. Besides, he has a positive core self-evaluation. He knows he is effective, capable and he believes he can do the job very well despite the risk he is taking which is can be said as an ambitious goal, to rob $100 million from a very powerful man in Rio who is known to have lots of supporters. Moreover, he is willing to take risks and never fear of anything even when most of the members start to withdraw from the job, he is still standing firm with his decision to finish the job started. Second character is Brian OConner. From BFPM, he is considered as high on agreeableness that refers to an individuals propensity to defer to others. He is very cooperative and trusting. In whatever Dominics decision, he will always believe in him as if right-hand man of Dominic. Plus, just like Dom, he is also risk taking person. He grabs any chance to make sure the job done smoothly, he even risks his life to rob the vault and drive it on the street while followed by many police cars behind. Third character is Agent L. Hobbs, based on MBTI, he may fall into thinking person. While investigating of Dominic and the gang, he mostly uses reasons and logic to handle. In that movie, when he wants to know where is Dom, he asked his teammates to rebuild the car again as in logic, why would Dom break the cars as if Dom is searching something from that car and right as he guessed, Dom did take something from the car which is the chip. Besides, he can be classified as Machiavellianism as he said that he will use anything to get what he wants no matter at what costs. He is so determined to find Dom and asks his colleagues to search for any clues until he found Dom. Next, last character is Hernan Reyes. Based on BFPM, he scores low in emotional stability that he tends to be nervous, anxious, depressed and insecure. It can be proved when he asks his people to move all his money to be stored at one place after one of his ten houses has been robbed by Dom and the gang. Followed by emotions, he didnt think it carefully as what he did is already expected by Dom except the part that Reyes stores the money at police station. He is also can be categorized as Machiavellianism. In order to be very rich and has a lot of wealth, he will use any mean to meet the end. He will kill those who on his way and he even do illegal business such as drugs. Plus, in order to use the locals helps, he pretends to help them by giving what the local wants but then, he asks them to do many illegal works or threat to take back the facilities given. vii) Perceptual Biases Based on the movie, there are three biases that can be identified. The first one is overconfidence bias, it can be explained as someone who is too confident based on past success and believe that nothing will go wrong in their ways. From the movie, Dominic can be seen as someone who has the bias as he truly believes that everything is planned correctly and no problems will appear. Yet, when he started to do the job, before he could make it, Agent Hobbs come to his place and they start to fight. Though he already put the tracker on Agent L. Hobbs car, he didnt give a thought that what if Agent Hobbs realises there is a tracker on his car. So, thats when the only mistake occurs. Next bias identified is availability bias which has been done by Hernan Reyes. He thought that if he moves all the money to police station, the money will be secured because as people said, the last place criminals would be willing to go is police station. Therefore, based on that thought, he made that decision without thinking further that Dominic and the gang may be very determined which they are willing to take the risk to break into police station. The last bias is risk aversion. After being robbed at one of his cash houses and being told that he will come for more, Reyes without considering more, he decides to store all the money at the safest place he can think about which is at police station. This is because he does not want to take the risk to just let the money be without realizing his action is expected by Dominic. viii) Decision Making Process There are many decisions made in this movie. The first one is when Dom and Brian discussed and decides to rob Hernan Reyes. This is a big decision because this is a big job, to Rob the most powerful guy in Rio, Brazil. The decision is taken after they realize they have been chased by polices and they are in top list of wanted people. Therefore, for them to get out of that life and start a new one, they decide to do one last job but a very big one. Considering all the complexities to make the job done, they started to gather a team and call all the capable people from around the world. With a team of 9 people, each of them has expertise in own area. Dom is using rational model as he gathers a great deal of information about all the options and abilities they have. After identifying them, he started to get cars, mock-up the routes to the vault stored in police station. The second decision is made by Agent L. Hobbs when he decides to help the gang to get back at Hernan Reyes as he has killed many of his men. So, he wants to get revenge for that. But he should be thinking carefully about that as his main objective is to catch Dominic yet later he is on Dominics side. Plus, as a cop, to help criminal is against his oath. Therefore, the decision made can be classified as intuitive decision-making which is an unconscious process created out of distilled experience. To see his men died in front of his eyes, he may be unconsciously made that decision and it made that the decision is not rational. ix) Motivational Theories Motivation refers to the process by which a persons efforts are energized, directed, and sustained toward attaining goal. There are three elements on this definition which are energy, direction, and persistence. Among the motivational theories that were applied in this movie is reinforcement theory which says that the behaviour is a function of its consequences. The consequences that immediately follow behaviour and increase the probability that the behaviour will be repeated are called as reinforces. In Fast Five, it shows when Elena works as a translator in police station in Rio, Luke Hobbs chooses her as translator since she is one of the few incorruptible cops in Rio. In addition, she is motivated by the death of her beloved husband in previous movie, who was also a policeman before he was killed on her doorstep. Thus, the fact that the death of her husband is actually becomes a positive reinforcer for her to work as policeman in Rio. x) Teamwork There was a teamwork applied in this movie and I think the teamwork applied was an effective team. Teamwork is a group whose individual efforts result in performance that is greater than the sum of the individual inputs which able to generate positive synergy through coordinated effort. The effectiveness of the team can be seen through Team Effectiveness Model. It encompasses three elements which are context, team composition and team processes. The first contextual factor related to Fast Five is a climate of trust. Members of effective teams should trust each other. They also must exhibit trust in their leaders. Dominic Toretto who is a leader receives high degree of trust from his members including Brian OConner, Roman Pearce and other members. Interpersonal trust among team members facilitates cooperation and reduces the need to monitor each others behaviour. When team members believe they can trust each others in any kind of situation, they are more likely to take risks and expose vulnerabilities. For instance, there is a scene in Fast Five when Brian OConner needs to jump off from the train towards the car driven by Dominic Toretto in order to avoid bridge from being crashed. This kind of crisis does need a high degree of trust from Brian OConner to Dominic Toretto as it is quite risky. If there is less or no trust between each other, the possibility of Brian OConner to die is very high. Thus, the teamwork is less effec tive. The second contextual factor related to Fast Five is leadership and structure. If the team members cannot agree on who is to do what and ensure all members share the workload, team is dysfunctional. For instance, Domino Toretto has assigned specifics of work to each member and fits them all together to integrate individual skills required by leadership and structure. Since each of the members has variety of skills and capabilities to make the work done, Dominic Toretto plays a vital role to delegate responsibility to them, and plays a role as facilitator as well. This complies with multiteam systems which mean different teams need to coordinate their efforts to produce a desired outcome. The desired outcome in the movie is destroying the corruption made by a politician named Hermen Reyes. The first variable in team composition related to Fast Five is abilities of members. In this movie, each of the members has different abilities, knowledge and skills to perform their respective tasks. For example, Roman Pearce is a fast talker. In fact, he has skills to divert people when talking from revealing the real intention. It can be seen in the movie when he enters the police station to put the evidence box which is actually a controlled car. He is successful to divert the policeman to put the evidence box in the vault. The second variable in team composition related in Fast Five is diversity of members. The diversity is actually should be a good thing. It should benefit from differing perspectives. In Fast 5, there is team diversity which affects the team performance to make job done. The team shares a different demographic attribute such as sex, race and age. For instance, Han Seoul-Oh is a Korean guy comes all the way from Korea to join team with Dominic Toretto in Brazil which shows different race with other members. Proper leadership can improve the performance of diverse teams. Dominic Toretto provides an inspirational common goal for members with varying types of skills and knowledge making team more creative and able to achieve desired goal. The first process variable related to Fast Five is common plan and purpose. Effective teams begin by analyzing the teams mission, developing goals to achieve that mission, and creating strategies for achieving the goals. Dominic Toretto, Brian OConner and Mia Toretto have initially analyzing the plan and purpose of the mission before gathering the team members. They even create strategies so that the others members ready to understand the common plan and purpose as well as ready to take risk. They put a tremendous amount of time and effort to discuss, shape and agree on a purpose that belongs to them collectively and individually. The second process variable related to Fast Five is specific goals. The teamwork in this movie can be said as effective as the team is able to translate its common purpose into specific, measureable, and realistic performance goals. The goal of the team delegated by Dominic Toretto is to eliminate the corruption made by a politician named Hermen Reyes and reveal the hidden and illegal activity of distribution of drugs made by him. The goal is quite challenging as the team has to face the politician who has a strong position in the country. xi) Leadership Style Leadership can be defined as an ability to influence a group toward the achievement of a vision or set of goals. The leaders that can be found in this movie are Dominic Toretto and Luke Hobbs. Dominic Toretto is a professional criminal and a leader of the team with Brian OConner, Mia Toretto and other members. He uses a transformational leadership style. In organizational term, transformational leaders inspire followers to transcend their own self-interests and who are capable of having a profound and extraordinary effect on their followers. Dominic Toretto uses this kind of leadership style as he pays attention to the concern and needs of his team members, change members awareness of problems by helping them look at old problems in new ways, and inspire team members to put out extra effort to achieve their goals. On top of that, this kind of leadership style is more effective compared to others and also it encourages other team members to follow them by being creative. Besides, Luke Hobbs can be considered as a leader among the cops. He leads other policemen to catch the most wanted professional criminals like Dominic Toretto and Brian OConner. It can be seen that he brings out a character of charismatic leadership style in the movie. In the point of organizational term, charismatic leadership theory can defined as followers make attributions of heroic or extraordinary leadership abilities when they observe certain behaviours. Among the key characteristics of a charismatic leader are vision and articulation, personal risk, and unconventional behaviour. xii) Power and Influential Tactics Power or influential tactics that could be identified from this movie is that consultation. It happens when Dominic is giving an idea to his friends and how they are going to do it together in order to make the plan successful. All of them will have their own part in order to accomplish the job that they already to do it at the first stage. They all are given task based on their expertise such as good in circuit, fast talker, an expert driver and many more. Dominic get all of his teammates support by encouraging them that they are going to get US$ 100 million if the plan successful and every each one of them will get same amount from US$ 1oo million. This can be classified as exchange influential tactics, means rewarding the target with benefits or favors in exchange for following a request. Another one of power or influential tactics that applied in this movie is pressure. Hernen Reyes uses this tactics so that his worker will listen and obey to him. He likes to use harsh way in order to get what he wanted, thus make his follower afraid of him because he has power and money. He also will kill anybody that is not finishing what he asked for and when the task is not accomplished so that it will be a lesson to his follower. xiii) Conflicts Yes. The conflicts begin when one of the members, Roman Pearce does not want to get involved in the plan because he said it was a business but actually it was a plan to rob one of the richest men in the country that conduct a drug business but never get caught. The conflict resolution techniques that Dominic, Brian and Mia apply based on the movie is problem solving and also superordinate goals techniques. First, they invite and gather all of their friends that they feel reliable and suitable for the task and then face-to-face meeting of the conflicting parties for the purpose of identifying the problem and resolving it through open discussion. Next, after knew that the goal is to rob US$ 100 million in cash, the superordinate goals conflict resolution techniques take place when they are creating a shared goal that cannot be attained without the cooperation of each of the conflicting parties. It shows that everything can be done through negotiate if we do have skills about it. xiv) Organizational Change and Stress Management Yes. Dominic and the gang try to reveal the corruption by Hernen Reyes and they try to make changes in Rio. They also want to get a freedom for themselves. The tactics that they are used is to steal the vault from the corruptor Hernen Reyes placed at the police station. Even though the mission is totally wrong and against the principle of Islamic practice but they are still doing it to gain self satisfaction. The opposing party do not making any tactics as they do not expect Dominics team will steal his vault as the vault is placed in the police station. So the possibility for them to steal is very low. At the end, when the team is successfully steal the vault, Reyes and his men are chasing them as they expect they will get the vault back. At first, the team is giving up continuing their mission because they see their chances to success is very low but because of the external factor which they will get a big amount of money so they are courage to finish off their mission. The well-planned strategy makes them success in the end and the victory is by their side (Dominics team). LESSON LEARNT FROM THE MOVIE FAST FIVE Teamwork Based on the movie Fast Five, the gang was cooperating to achieve their objective which is to steal the corrupted money from the Hernen Reyes, the criminal empire, of US$100 million in cash. The gang breaks into the police station where Reyes money is kept and tears the vault from the building using their cars. They assigned each of one to do certain job. For example, Brian and Dom are assigned to tear the vault from the building and Mia is assigned to observe the traffic during the vault is being dragging along the stress to avoid police and Hernan Reyess team. Friendship In terms of friendship, there is a quote tells that, no matter how crazy things get among friends, they should stick together till the end of the time. In Fast Five, although there are a number of situations and things attack Dominic Toretto and Brian OConner, they still stick together in whatever kind of situations. In fact, it is because both of them stay side by side that they able to pull off such a big heist involved by a politicia