Achebe portrayed Ekwefi(TM)s relationship Essay Example

Achebe depicted Ekwefi(TM)s relationship Paper The connection among Okonkwo and his second with Ekwefi run over in different sections of the books; scraps of their relationship make a more clear picture as the novel advances. Taking a gander at Achebes language decisions and story perspective their relationship shows a blend of both displeasure and caring which comes evident in the couple of scenes where Okonkwo lets his gatekeeper down around her. The clench hand look at their relationship is an adverse view as we see Okonkwo beating at that point taking shots at his significant other for going out Okonkwo heard it and ran frantically into his space for the stacked weapon, ran out again and focused on her Okonkwo is effortlessly maddened this is clear in the entirety of his associations with individuals yet it additionally give Ekwefi a feeling of character, solid willed as the spouse who had quite recently been beaten mumbled something about firearms that never fired indicating a disobedient streak on the other hand reemerges when she goes to search for her little girl and demonstrating when she should be she have a blazing soul. We will compose a custom paper test on Achebe depicted Ekwefi(TM)s relationship explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom article test on Achebe depicted Ekwefi(TM)s relationship explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom article test on Achebe depicted Ekwefi(TM)s relationship explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer Regardless of this we realize there was a solid bond between them numerous years back when she was the town magnificence Okonkwo had won her heart a couple of years after the fact she fled from her significant other and came to live with Okonkwo It appears there unquestionably was a common inclination between them as time has passed we see that it isn't as evident. Okonkwos notoriety as a cold and valiant warrior has a huge influence of his obvious separation from Ekwefi and as such we get the feeling that he couldn't care less about her extraordinarily anyway uncommon minutes in the book give an elective thought. In section 11 when Enzima is taken and Ekwefi tails we see Okonkwo come to discover her tears of appreciation filled her eyes. Okonkwo has consistently believed demonstrating feeling to be feeble however this gives us that underneath his outside he cares. The account characterizing their relationship is fairly cracked; exchanging between the over a wide span of time day. Achebe indications that Okonkwo has the nearest bond with Ekwefi contradicted to his different spouses he realized it should just be Ekwefi. Of his three spouses Ekwefi was the one in particular who might have the boldness to strike into his entryway subsequently putting forth a strong effort. The two characters are genuinely similar in inconspicuous manners put across by Achebe Ekwefi had become a severe lady. Was the main individual in the cheerful organization who went about with a cloud on her forehead while Okonkwo depicting his dad his adoration for talk had developed with age and affliction. It attempted Okonkwos persistence incredible Both have gotten to some degree critical of others and it tends to be a typical establishing point in their lopsided relationship. Their relationship was established upon physical closeness even in those days he was not a man of numerous words. He just conveyed her into his bed and in the haziness started to look about her midsection for the last detail of the material Achebe utilizes this to recommend their relationship has gotten increasingly fierce with age as Okonkwo has taken more spouses and kids and in a few occasions basically lashes out at her somewhat more I said a bit. Is it true that you are hard of hearing? Okonkwo thundered at her. Achebes story procedure is more observatory than judgemental telling there relationship without inclining for either, without obfuscating the issue and as such Achebe gives a crude and fair sense to there relationship; seeing both the terrible side and the great. Achebes portrayal of their relationship gives a more clear comprehension of the characters as people through how they act towards each other both caringly and forcefully and as such is an investigation into the Ibo culture itself. Ekwefi is Okonkwos second spouse. When a town wonder, she fled from her home and spouse to wed Okonkwo. She was stricken with Okonkwo when he beat the infamous Cat in an unbelievable wrestling match. In spite of the fact that its sort of sentimental the Ekwefi fled and ran off with Okonkwo, it turns out hes not Prince Charming. Ekwefi, as Okonkwos other two spouses, endures significantly under his powerful and forceful principle of the family unit. At a certain point, since he was feeling terrible, Okonkwo beat Ekwefi gravely and even took steps to murder her with his firearm. In any case, Ekwefi is the most energetic of Okonkwos spouses and every now and again faces him and argues. Ekwefis life has been loaded with misery. She has misfortune with bearing kids; notwithstanding bringing forth ten kids, just one has endure. Subsequently, she sustains a profound bond with her single girl, Ezinma. Achebe paints Ekwefi as a very dedicated mother. Her torment and sharpness in losing nine other kids drives her to love her one girl even above life itself. She hovers over and ruins her kid, permitting her treats illegal to other kids and building a profound relationship of trust. Ekwefis history of misfortune and harshness renders her a resilient lady, fit for withstanding a lot of agony and frustration. This likewise prompts a feeling of strength in her, a fairly unfeminine trademark that occasionally pesters Okonkwo. She has the boldness to thump on his entryway around evening time and to disrespect him when he blames her for killing a banana tree. However, she likewise takes her discipline with gritted teeth and without objection. This sort of solidarity and strength has something manly about it, which rises much more unequivocally in her little girl, Ezinma. In spite of the fact that not unequivocally expressed, we think Ekwefi may be Okonkwos most loved spouse, much the same as Ezinma is his preferred girl. Achebe has depicted the connection among Okonkwo and second spouse, Ekwefi, all through different sections in the novel. Achebe utilizes a few language highlights to underscore their relationship or absence of it at times. Achebe utilizes account perspective and decision of language to help exhibit the balance of outrage with adoration and friendship they share between them.

An Analysis Of The Malaysian Economy Essay free essay sample

KL Outing 022b.jpg Fixed trade rates 1 Ringgit = 100 sen Financial twelvemonth Schedule twelvemonth Exchange organizations APEC, ASEAN, IOR-ARC, WTO Statisticss Gross domestic product $ 381.1 billion ( 2009 est. )Rank: 30 Gross domestic product developing - 2. 2 % ( 2009 est. ) Gross domestic product per capita $ 14,800 ( 2009 est. ) Gross domestic product by part agribusiness: 10.1 % industry: 42.3 % administrations: 47.6 % ( 2009 est. )Expansion ( CPI )0. 4 % ( 2009 est. ) Populace underneath poverty line 3.5 % ( 2007 est. ) Work power by business agribusiness: ( 13 % ) , industry: ( 36 % ) , administrations: ( 51 % ) ( 2005 ) Joblessness 5 % ( 2009 est. ) Principle ventures Peninsular Malaysia gum versatile and palm oil handling and creation, light manufacturing industry, hardware, Sn removal and purifying, logging and treating lumber, touristry, unrefined petroleum creation and refinement, logging Simplicity of Making Business Rank 21st [ 1 ] Outside Fares $ 156.4 billion ( 2009 est. ) Fare merchandise electronic gear, unrefined petroleum and condensed flammable gas, wood and wood stocks, palm oil, gum versatile, textures, synthetic compounds Principle send out companions Singapore 13. 9 % , China 12.2 % , United States 10.9 % , Japan 9.8 % , Thailand 5.4 % , Hong Kong 5.2 % ( 2009 est. ) Imports $ 119. 5 billion ( 2009 est. ) Import merchandise hardware, apparatus, unrefined petroleum stocks, plastics, vehicles, Fe and steel stocks, synthetic compounds Principle import companions China 13.9 % , Japan 12. We will compose a custom article test on An Analysis Of The Malaysian Economy Essay or then again any comparable theme explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page 5 % , Singapore 11.1 % , Thailand 6 % , Indonesia 5.3 % , South Korea 4.6 % , Taiwan 4. 2 % , Germany 4.2 % ( 2009 est. ) Net outer obligation N/A Open fundss Grosss $ 61.6 billion ( 2009 est. ) Costs $ 60.72 billion ( 2009 est. ) Monetary help $ 31. 6 million ( 2005 ) Outside state armies $ 98.02 billion ( 31 December 2009 est. ) Fundamental informations starting: CIA World Fact Book All qualities, except if in any case expressed, are in US dollarshypertext move convention:/upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/hall/d/d4/Button_hide.pngThe Economy of Malaysia is a turning and nearly detached state-situated and newly industrialized market financial framework. [ 2 ] [ 3 ] The area plays a significant yet intensifying capacity in directing financial movement through macroeconomic projects. In 2007, the financial arrangement of Malaysia was the third biggest monetary framework in South East Asia and 29th biggest monetary framework known to man by purchasing power para with net local product for 2008 of $ 222 billion [ 4 ] with a developing pace of 5 % to 7 % since 2007 [ 5 ] In 2009, GDP per capita ( PPP ) of Malaysia remains at US $ 14,900. [ 6 ] In 2009, the ostensible GDP was US $ 383.6 billion, and the ostensible per capital GDP was US $ 8,100. [ 7 ]The Southeast Asiatic state encountered a monetary thunder and experienced fast advancement during the late twentieth century and has a GDP for each capita of $ 14,800, being viewed as a newly industrialized state. [ 8 ] [ 9 ] On the salary dispersion, there are 5.8 million families in 2007. Of that, 8. 6 % have a month to month salary underneath RM1,000, 29.4 % had somewhere in the range of RM1,000 and RM2,000, while 19.8 % earned somewhere in the range of RM2,001 and RM3,000 ; 12.9 % of the families earned somewhere in the range of RM3,001 and RM4,000 and 8.6 % somewhere in the range of RM4,001 and RM5,000. At long last, around 15.8 % of the families have a pay of somewhere in the range of RM5,001 and RM10,000 and 4. 9 % have a salary of RM10,000 and supra. [ 10 ]As one of three expresses that control the Strait of Malacca, universal exchange plays a major capacity in its monetary framework. [ 11 ] At one clasp, it was the biggest producer of Sn, gum versatile and palm oil known to man. [ 12 ] Manufacturing has a major impact in the state s monetary framework. Malaysia is the universe s biggest Islamic banking and financial focus. Foundation Right off the bat and pilgrim history The Malay Peninsula thus Southeast Asia has been an inside for exchange for quite a long time. Arranged focuses, for example, porcelain and zest were effectively exchanged even before Malacca and Singapore rose to conspicuousness. The Malacca Sultanate controlled the Straits of Malacca from its introduction in 1402 to the 1511 attack by Portugal. All the exchange the Straits, and especially the flavors from the Celebes and the Moluccas, moved under its assurance and through its business sectors. [ 14 ]In the seventeenth century, porcelain and flavors were found in a few Malay regions and were effectively exchanged. Huge sedimentations of Sn were found in a few Malay territories. Consequently, as the British began to take over as leaders of Malaya, gum versatile and palm oil trees were presented for business purposes. On the other hand of trusting on the nearby Malays as a start of work, the British acquired Chinese and Indians to work in the mines and manors and flexibly proficient expertness. Albeit a large number of them came back to their few spot states after their in understanding term of office finished, some stayed in Malaysia and made due with great. Over clasp, Malaya turned into the universe s biggest producer of Sn, gum flexible, and palm oil. These three exchange products alongside other characteristic stuffs unfalteringly set Malaysia s financial pacing great into the mid-twentieth century. As Malaya moved towards independency, the specialists started actualizing monetary five-year programs, get bringing down with the First Malayan Five Year Plan in 1955. Upon the constitution of Malaysia, the projects were re-titled and renumbered, get bringing down with the First Malaysia Plan in 1965. Post-autonomy During the 1970s, Malaysia started to duplicate the four Asiatic Tiger financial frameworks ( Republic of Korea ( South Korea ) , Republic of China ( Taiwan ) , so British Crown Colony of Hong Kong and the Republic of Singapore ) and invested in a section from being dependent on removal and agribusiness to a monetary framework that relies more upon creation. During the 1970s, the dominantly exhuming and rural based Malayan monetary framework started an entry towards a more multi-segment financial framework. Since the 1980s the mechanical area has driven Malaysia s developing. [ 15 ] High degrees of putting played a significant capacity in this. [ 16 ] With Nipponese contributing, substantial businesses prospered and in an issue of mature ages, Malayan fares turned into the state s essential developing motor. Malaysia deliberately accomplished more than 7 % GDP developing alongside low rising costs during the 1980s and the 1990s.Central arranging has been a main consideration in the Malayan financial framework, as specialists outgo was as often as possible used to energize the monetary framework. Since 1955, with the start of the First Malayan Five Year Plan, the specialists has utilized these projects to step in the monetary framework to achieve such finishes as redistribution of riches and putting resources into, for case, foundation undertakings.A endowment of the British pilgrim framework was the division of Malaysians into three gatherings fitting to ethnicity. The Malays were amassed in their customary unassuming communities, focusing primarily on ag rarian exercises, while the Chinese ruled Malayan corporate greed. Instructed Indians took up proficient capacities, for example, those of doctors or attorneies, while the less happier worked the manors. [ 19 ] [ 20 ] The Reid Commission which drafted the Malayan Constitution made a stipulation for constrained affirmatory activity through Article 153, which gave the Malays specific benefits, for example, 60 % of college passage ( amount ) . Be that as it may, after the May 13 occurrence of racial revolting in the government capital of Kuala Lumpur, the specialists started progressively forceful projects focused on effectively set uping a Malay pioneering class through direct intervention in the monetary framework, planned for calming destitution. This was finished with the disputable New Economic Policy ( NEP ) . [ 21 ] Its central point was the riddance of the relationship of race with financial guide, and the initial five-year program to get down executing the NEP was the Second Malaysia Plan. The achievement or disappointment of the NEP is the su bject of much contention, in spite of the fact that it was formally resigned in 1990 and supplanted by the National Development Policy ( NDP ) . As of late much contention has surfaced one time again refering the results and importance of the NEP. Some have contended that the NEP has so effectively made a Middle/Upper Class of Malay agents and professionals.Despite some improvement in the financial intensity of Malays all in all, the Malayan specialists keeps up a strategy of preference that favors social Malayans over different races-remembering prejudicial mediation for business, guidance, grants, concern, dish to less expensive housing and helped savings. This specific mediation has started jealousy and sharpness among non-Malays. [ 22 ] The social Chinese control of the privately possessed area of the state s financial framework has been surrendered for the most part for the bumiputra/Malays in numerous vital or vital enterprises, for example, unrefined petroleum retailing, travel, agribusiness and vehicle fabrication.Current GDP per capita grew 31 % in the Sixties and a surprising 358 % in the Seventies, yet this demonstrated unreasonable and becoming downsized forcefully to 36 % in the Eighties. It rose again to 59 % in the Nineties drove primarily by send out situated enterprises. [ 23 ] The pace of destitution in Malaysia other than fell drastically over the mature ages. Notwithstanding, its rushed dot has been addressed by pundits who recommend that the poverty line has been drawn at an irrationally low degree. [ 24 ] The fast monetary thunder prompted a combination of gracefully occupations. Work shortages quickly brought about an inflow of 1000000s of outside specialists, numerous unlawful. Money rich PLCs and pool of Bankss anxious to benefit from expanded and quick advancement started enormous foundation endeavors

Seven Things to Check out in the Drawn and Quarterly Anthology

Seven Things to Check out in the Drawn and Quarterly Anthology The publication of the 25 Years of Drawn and Quarterly Anthology has been one of my highlights of the year so far and over the past couple of months I have spent a lot of time enjoying it. I have to admit when it first arrived I was a little worried about how I would manage to hold it on my lap without cutting off circulation to my feet, I was concerned that if I balanced it on my forearm I might stop reading a few hours later to find my fingers had fallen off. But once I had worked my way round these logistical concerns and had done some free weights to prepare for the sheer weight of it I was ready to begin. Before I started I decided I was going to dip in and out of this, reading one or two contributions each time, choosing either a comic or an interview or an essay as the mood took me. I can thoroughly recommend this approach as it meant I never felt too overwhelmed by the content and the book’s sheer size. Earlier this week Brenna wrote about the best facts she had learned when reading the anthology and I think that really neatly highlights one of my favourite aspects of this book, that it isn’t only a collection of comics by creators connected with Drawn and Quarterly but also a space in which those that have worked for and with them can share their memories and experiences of this Montreal institution. So without further ado, I’m going to share with you my seven favourite bits of the Drawn and Quarterly anthology so far and if you’re struggling to know where to start then these might help you make your choice! Julie Doucet Pages 522 to 541 My love for Julie Doucet’s work runs deep and true, her work is honest, direct and unflinching in its desire to unsettle the reader and be true. This collection of short extracts from her work starts with ‘An English Lesson’ from issue 2 of Dirty Plotte and continues with accounts from J.C. Menu (co-founder of L’Association), the writer Deb Olin Unferth, TomDevlin and Geneviève Castrée, all setting out just why Doucet’s art is so special and important to them personally. It then goes on to offer a few more extracts from her work and this sections serves not only as the perfect introduction for a Doucet virgin but also made me mourn all over again the fact that she has retired from comics. Michel Rabagliati Pages 349 â€" 357 Michel Rabagliati is EVERYTHING. His art is beautiful, his characters charming and his stories funny but moving. This extract from his 2008 book Paul Goes Fishing is one of the stand-out moments in the book. The young Paul encounters a distressed young girl in a run-down area of Montreal and the ensuing story will not only make you cry but also give you a fantastic taster of what Rabagliati’s comics are all about. If you like what you see here then I thoroughly recommend you pick up his book The Song of Roland and a king-size box of tissues while you’re at it. Geneviève Castrée Pages 448 to 455 Castrée’s Blankets Are Always Sleeping is a beautiful meditation on sleep, beds and what her sleeping arrangements mean. Told through a series of illustrations of different beds, each topped with different blankets collected by Castrée over the years, this is a gorgeous and moving short story. Marguerite Abouet Clément Oubrerie Pages 657 to 664 This section contains a short extract from Abouet Oubrerie’s 2007 comic Aya: Life in Yop City as well as an appreciation of them penned by Calvin Reid. As someone who has heard good things about Aya but somehow never managed to get  round to buying and reading it, I was enchanted by this extract and Reid’s praises and shall be rectifying this hole in my collection very soon indeed. If you already know and love these books then I think you’ll enjoy this section nonetheless. Voice Lessons: An Interview with Helge Dascher Pages 103 to 107 You may have noticed that quite a few of the extracts I have chosen are comics originally published in French. I found this interview with the translator of many of DQ’s comics really interesting, it gave fascinating insights not only into life as a translator but also the behind the scenes dynamics of DQ and the relationship between translator, editor and artist. Kate Beaton Pages 58 to 58 This affectionate duo of comics, called No Problem and Just Kidding, tells the same story from two different perspectives. One an imagined conversation between Beaton and Chris Oliveros in which she tells him about “another whammo cartoon” she has for him. The second version shows Beaton’s memory of an initial conversation with Oliveros about her first book. Funny and affectionate, the first of these made me laugh very hard indeed. A Wide-Eyed Keen Observer: An Appreciation of Adrian Tomine Pages 301 to 303 I found this account by Francoise Mouly, art editor of the New Yorker, incredibly interesting. In it she talks not only about Tomine’s art and their professional relationship, but also about what it is in his work that makes it so special. This is a fascinating glimpse of the relationship between editor and artist and well worth checking out. Sign up to The Stack to receive  Book Riot Comic's best posts, picked for you.

Life, Poetry, And Death - 1467 Words

Life, Poetry, and Death Death, madness, and love are the main points of impulse in Sylvia Plath’s life, a habit that can be described as part of the unconscious. According to psychological studies, the effects of trauma and experience on an author can manifest itself in their writing (Caruth). For instance, we learned that the suffering of Sylvia Plath her whole life due to depression, the attempted of suicide, and the death of her father. Those traumatic experiences influenced the writing and interpretation of her poems. Many critics of poetry approach the poems by ignoring biographical features of the author, as if poems are not influenced at all in the design and creation of their authors. A good knowledge of these biographical facts of authors can greatly help to clear the dark aspects that we find in a poem. Biographical circumstance has been the key element that has led me to the poetry of this woman. Sylvia Plath, with her poems, transforms the crucial events of life, expressing their anger in poetry, hope, sadness and joy. Plath is a major (if not the main) exponent of what came to be called Confessional Poetry with one of her teachers, Robert Lowell, and Anne Sexton. Confessional poetry is a poetic movement that emerged in the U.S. in the 50s and 60s. It s a very personal or I poetry. The content of the poems is eminently autobiographical, the intimate and sometimes unflattering information about the details of the poet s personal life, such as mentalShow MoreRelatedEssay on Life and Death in Poetry2090 Words   |  9 PagesLife and death are two things that we as humans must all face. The road from one to the other, from life to death, is a long and at times, both joyous and painful one. Robert Frost’s poems are a prime example of these times and trials. The poems I chose for this paper highlight them, and with Frost’s allegory, they present a sort of silver lining to the string of dark and dreary words he’s pieced together for these poems. The depressing tone to the poems †Å"Acquainted with the Night†, â€Å"Nothing GoldRead More Death in Life in Alfred Lord Tennysons Poetry Essay981 Words   |  4 PagesDeath in Life in Alfred Lord Tennysons Poetry Alfred Lord Tennyson, a Victorian poet, used characters from history and mythology for his poetry. Much of his poetry touches upon the subject of death and loneliness. For example, the Lady of Shallot dies when she looks beyond her inner world, Mariana lives in constant sadness over her departed lover, and Tithonus lives forever in an agony worse than death. With a background of melancholia, isolation or anguish Tennyson conveys themes ofRead MoreEssay about Death in Life and Love in Dorothy Parkers Poetry529 Words   |  3 PagesDeath in Life and Love in Dorothy Parkers Poetry Dorothy Parker, an accomplished American poet, exposes the darker side of human behavior through her epigrammatic style of poetry. She believed that a writer must say what he feels and sees. She specialized in the hard truths, particularly about death, in both life and love. Some major motifs present in Parker’s work include loneliness, lack of communication between men and women, disintegration of relationships, human frailties, and theRead MoreEssay about Death in Emily Dickenson1313 Words   |  6 PagesDeath in Emily Dickenson With the thought of death, many people become terrified as if it were some creature lurking behind a door ready to capture them at any moment. Unlike many, Emily Dickinson was infatuated with death and sought after it only to try and help answer the many questions which she pondered so often. Her poetry best illustrates the answers as to why she wrote about it constantly. She explains her reason for writing poetry, â€Å"I had a terror I couldRead MoreJohn Keats s Life Of Poetry1024 Words   |  5 Pagesvery troubling and traumatic life and it shows in his writings of poetry. Death and many other awful troubles causing him to have a life that anyone would feel horrible in. John Keat’s poetry has many dark recurring themes. One speculation is that his poetry was an escape from his melancholy filled life. There are many aspects to Keats’s life that could have been motivation to write his poetry. One would say that he connected works of poetry with the events of his life. John Keats was on born OctoberRead MoreEmily Dickinson: An American Poet1793 Words   |  7 Pagesway people view poetry and female authors. Her exceedingly complex life has proved a tremendous influence on her instrumental poetry, creating its originality and distinguishing her from other great poets of the nineteenth century. As well, her use of symbolism and imagery has continued to make her work celebrated. Although Emily Dickinson lived a private and reclusive life, full of death among many close family members and friends, her ability to write beautiful and captivating poetry has defined herRead MoreThe Theme of Death in Poetry by Emily Dickinson and Sylvia Plath918 Words   |  4 PagesDeath is a prevalent theme in the poetry of both Sylvia Plath and Emily Dickinson. They both examine death from varied angles. There are many similarities as well as differences in the representation of this theme in their poetry. Plath views death as a sinister and intimidating end, while Dickinson depicts death with the endearment of romantic attraction. In the poetry of Plath death is depicted traditionally, while Dickinson attributes some mysticism to the end of life. In the poem TwoRead MoreSylvia Plath: The Exemplary Confessional Poet1015 Words   |  5 Pagesthe 1950s and 1960s, confessional poetry was essentially an autobiographical style of writing. Often focusing on topics that were taboo at the time like mental illness and suicide, it is no surprise that Sylvia Plath wrote poetry in this style. Plath suffered from depression most of her life and used writing as an outlet (Spinello). In her works â€Å"Cut,† â€Å"I Am Vertical,† and â€Å"Lady Lazarus,† Plath exemplifies confessional poetry through the themes of resentment, death, and mental illness. To understandRead More The Mystery of Edgar Allan Poe Essay1499 Words   |  6 Pagesspecial because he helped change poetry by giving it different focuses. Through looking at Edgar Allan Poes life, we will understand what motivated him to write what he did, what the meaning was behind these works, and how this changed poetry. Before Edgar Allan Poe, the common belief was that poetry should be about Truth, and that it should impart some morals. Poe disagreed, and strongly felt that poetry was not at all about passing along the Truth. Poetry should be about Beauty, and the excitementRead MoreEssay on The Death and Transfiguration of Poetry897 Words   |  4 PagesHonors September 30, 2012 The Death and Transfiguration of Poetry One of the greatest poetic minds of the 20th Century once said, â€Å"Poetry is not a turning loose of emotion, but an escape from emotion; it is not the expression of personality, but an escape from personality. But, of course, only those who have personality and emotions know what it means to want to escape from these things.† It was Solari’s chief aspiration to show this to the world. â€Å"The Death and Transfiguration of a Teacher†

Professional Research Papers Features

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Culture and Identity Free Essays

string(114) " local communities and is rooted in the experiences, customs and beliefs of the everyday life of ordinary people\." BROWNE CH 1–4 (M1203). qxp:John Q7 26/3/08 10:47 Page 29 CHAPTER 2 Culture and Identity BROWNE CH 1–4 (M1203). qxp:John Q7 26/3/08 10:47 Page 30 Contents Key issues The meaning and importance of culture Dominant culture Subculture Folk culture High culture Mass, popular or low culture The changing distinction between high culture and mass culture Global culture The concept of identity Different types of identity The socialization process Primary socialization Secondary socialization Socialization and the social construction of self and identity Theoretical approaches to the role of socialization in the formation of culture and identity Structural approaches Social action approaches A third way: structuration Social class and identity Social class Life chances Objective and subjective dimensions of class Social class cultures Is social class of declining importance in forming identities? The continuing importance of social class Gender and identity Sex and gender Gender and biology The signi? cance of gender as a source of identity Gender stereotypes and hegemonic gender identities in Britain The social construction of hegemonic gender identities through socialization Changing gender identities 31 31 31 32 32 32 33 35 36 Is there a crisis of masculinity? Is gender still an important source of identity? 4 74 38 41 43 44 44 46 46 47 47 50 50 51 51 52 53 59 60 61 61 62 63 63 65 70 Sexuality and identity Gender, sexuality and ‘normal’ sex Changing sexual identities Stigmatized or spoiled sexual identities Gay and lesbian identities A note of caution Ethnicity and identity What is meant by an ethnic identity? Diaspora and globalization Changing ethnic identities: new ethnicities and hybrid ethnic identities Ethnicity as resistance Ethnic identities in Britain Nationality and identity What is nationality? Nationality as a source of identity What is meant by a British identity? Globalization and declining national identities A British identity crisis? Disability and identity The social construction of disability Disability, socialization and stereotyping Disability as a ‘master identity’ Disability – a stigmatized or spoiled identity: an identity of exclusion Age and identity The social construction of age Age groups and identity Leisure, consumption and identity Postmodernism and identity The creation of identity in a media-saturated society How much free choice is there in choosing identities and lifestyle? Conclusion on leisure, consumption and identity Chapter summary Key terms Exam question 76 76 76 77 77 78 79 79 80 81 82 82 87 87 88 88 91 92 93 93 94 95 95 96 96 97 100 100 101 103 109 110 111 112 BROWNE CH 1–4 (M1203). We will write a custom essay sample on Culture and Identity or any similar topic only for you Order Now qxp:John Q7 26/3/08 10:47 Page 31 CHAPTER 2 Culture and Identity K EY I SS U ES ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? The meaning and importance of culture The concept of identity The socialization process Socialization and the social construction of self and identity Theoretical approaches to the role of socialization in the formation of culture and identity Social class and identity Gender and identity Sexuality and identity Ethnicity and identity Nationality and identity Disability and identity Age and identity Leisure, consumption and identity The meaning and importance of culture The term ‘culture’ refers to the language, beliefs, values and norms, customs, dress, diet, roles, knowledge and skills, and all the other things that people learn that make up the ‘way of life’ of any society. Culture is passed on from one generation to the next through the process of socialization. Although there are many aspects of everyday life which are shared by most members of societ y, there are di? erent conceptions and de? nitions of culture within this general approach. These are discussed below. The dominant culture of a society refers to the main culture in a society, which is shared, or at least accepted without opposition, by the majority of people. Dominant culture The dominant culture of a society refers to the main culture in a society, which is shared, or at least accepted without opposition, by the majority of 31 BROWNE CH 1–4 (M1203). qxp:John Q7 26/3/08 10:47 Page 32 32 | Culture and Identity people. For example, it might be argued that the main features of British culture include it being white, patriarchal and unequal, with those who are white and male having things they regard as worthwhile rated as more important than those who are female or from a minority ethnic group. Similarly, those who are rich and powerful (who are mainly also white and male) are in a position to have their views of what is valuable and worthwhile in a culture regarded as more important, and given higher status, than those of others. Subculture When societies are very small, such as small villages in traditional societies, then all people may share a common culture or way of life. However, as societies become larger and more complicated, a number of smaller groups may emerge within the larger society, with some di? erences in their beliefs and way of life. Each group having these di? erences is referred to as a subculture. Folk culture Folk culture is the culture created by local communities and is rooted in the experiences, customs and beliefs of the everyday life of ordinary people. You read "Culture and Identity" in category "Essay examples" It is ‘authentic’ rather than manufactured, as it is actively created by ordinary people themselves. Examples include traditional folk music, folk songs, storytelling and folk dances which are passed on from one generation to the next by socialization and often by direct experience. Folk culture is generally associated with pre-industrial or early industrial societies, though it still lingers on today among enthusiasts in the form of folk music and folk clubs, and the Morris dancing which features in many rural events. A subculture is a smaller culture held by a group of people within the main culture of a society, in some ways different from the main culture but with many aspects in common. Examples of subcultures include those of some young people, gypsies and travellers, gay people, different social classes and minority ethnic groups. Folk culture is the culture created by local communities and is rooted in the experiences, customs and beliefs of the everyday life of ordinary people. High culture High culture is generally seen as being superior to other forms of culture, and refers to aspects of culture that are seen as of lasting artistic or literary value, aimed at small, intellectual elites, predominantly upper-class and middleclass groups, interested in new ideas, critical discussion and analysis and who have what some might regard as ‘good taste’. High culture is seen as something set apart from everyday life, something special to be treated with respect and reverence, involving things of lasting value and part of a heritage which is worth preserving. High culture products are often found in special places, like art galleries, museums, concert halls and theatres. Examples of high culture products include serious news programmes and documentaries, classical music like that of Mozart or High culture refers to cultural products seen to be of lasting artistic or literary value, which are particularly admired and approved of by elites and the upper middle class. An elite is a small group holding great power and privilege in society. BROWNE CH 1–4 (M1203). qxp:John Q7 26/3/08 10:47 Page 33 Culture and Identity Morris dancing is an example of traditional folk culture | 33 Mass culture, sometimes called popular culture or low culture, refers to cultural products produced for sale to the mass of ordinary people. These involve massproduced, standardized, short-lived products of no lasting value, which are seen to demand little critical thought, analysis or discussion. Beethoven, the theatre, opera, jazz, foreign language or specialist ‘art’ ? lms, and what has become established literature, such as the work of Charles Dickens, Jane Austen or Shakespeare, and visual art like that of Monet, Gauguin, Picasso or Van Gogh. Mass, popular or low culture Mass culture, sometimes called popular culture or low culture, is generally contrasted with high culture. This refers to everyday culture – simple, BROWNE CH 1–4 (M1203). qxp:John Q7 26/3/08 10:47 Page 34 34 | Culture and Identity Video games are an example of popular culture undemanding, easy-to-understand entertainment, rather than something ‘set apart’ and ‘special’. Mass culture is seen by many as inferior to high culture. Such aspects of culture are a product of industrial societies. They are aimed at the mass of ordinary people, but lack roots in their daily experiences as in folk culture, and are manufactured by businesses for pro? t rather than created by the community itself re? ecting its own experiences of daily life. Popular culture involves mass-produced, standardized and short-lived products, sometimes of trivial content and seen by some as of no lasting ‘artistic’ value, largely concerned with making money for large corporations, especially the mass media. Popular culture might include mass circulation magazines, extensive coverage of celebrities, ‘red top’ tabloid newspapers like the Sun or the Mirror, television soaps and reality TV shows, dramas and thrillers, rock and pop music, video games, blockbuster feature ? lms for the mass market, and thrillers bought for reading on the beach. Such culture is largely seen as passive and unchallenging, often fairly mindless entertainment, aimed at the largest number of people possible. Some Marxists argue that mass culture maintains the ideological hegemony (or the dominance of a set of ideas) and the power of the dominant social class in society. This is because the consumers of mass culture are lulled into an uncritical, undemanding passivity, making them less likely to challenge the dominant ideas, groups and interests in society. BROWNE CH 1–4 (M1203). qxp:John Q7 26/3/08 10:47 Page 35 Culture and Identity | 35 The changing distinction between high culture and mass culture Some now argue that the distinction between high culture and mass culture is weakening. Postmodernist writers, in particular, argue that mass markets and consumption now make the distinction between high and popular culture meaningless. There has been a huge expansion of the creative and cultural industries, such as advertising, television, ? lm, music, and book and magazine publishing. This means there is now a huge range of media and cultural products available to all. Technology in industrial societies, such as mass communication technology like the internet, music downloads, cable, satellite and digital television, ? lm and radio, printing for both mass production and personal use in the home, the global reach of modern mass media technology, the mass production of goods on a world scale and easier international transportation, make all forms of culture freely available to everyone. Such technology enables original music and art and other cultural products to be consumed by the mass of people in their own homes without visiting specialized institutions like theatres or art galleries. High culture is no longer simply the preserve of cultural elites. People now have a wider diversity of cultural choices and products available to them than ever before in history, and can ‘pick and mix’ from either popular or high culture. High culture art galleries, like Tate Modern in London, are now attracting very large numbers of visitors, from very diverse backgrounds. Live opera is now available to the masses, through popular ? gures like the OperaBabes, or concerts in the park. Strinati (1995) argues that elements of high culture have now become a part of popular culture, and elements of popular culture have been incorporated into high culture, and that there is therefore no longer any real distinction between high and popular culture, and it is ever more di? cult for any one set of ideas of what is worthwhile culture to dominate in society. For example, artist Andy Warhol painted thirty pictures of Leonardo da Vinci’s Mona Lisa in di? erent colours, arguing that ‘thirty was better than one’, turning high culture art into popular culture. Although Warhol’s work has been marketed to millions through postcards and posters, at the same time it is widely admired by the supporters of high culture. In 2007 there was some controversy in Britain when the Victoria and Albert Museum in London, generally seen as an institution of high culture, held ‘Kylie: The Exhibition’ – an exhibition of costumes, album covers, accessories, photos and videos from the career of the then 38-year-old pop singer Kylie Minogue. This drew widespread accusations from critics that high culture was being ‘dumbed down’. High culture art forms are themselves increasingly being turned into products for sale in the mass market for consumption by the mass of BROWNE CH 1–4 (M1203). qxp:John Q7 26/3/08 10:47 Page 36 36 | Culture and Identity ordinary people, and there is no longer anything special about art, as it is incorporated into daily life. Technology now means mass audiences can see and study high culture products, such as paintings by artists like Van Gogh, on the internet or TV, and have their own framed print hanging on their sitting-room wall. The originals may still only be on show in art galleries and museums, but copies are available to everyone. High culture art like the Mona Lisa or Van Gogh’s Sun? owers are now reproduced on everything from socks and t-shirts to chocolates and can lids, mugs, mouse mats, tablemats, jigsaws and posters. (Visit or for some bizarre images and uses of the Mona Lisa. ) Classical music is used as a marketing tune by advertisers, and literature is turned into TV series and major mass movies, such as Jane Austen’s Pride and Prejudice. Global culture Global culture refers to the way globalization has undermined national and local cultures, with cultural products and ways of life in di? erent countries of the world becoming more alike. The same cultural and consumer products are now sold across the world, inspired by media advertising and a shared mass culture spread through a media-generated culture industry, and they have become part of the ways of life of many di? erent societies. For example, television companies sell their programmes and programme formats like Big Brother and Who Wants to be a Millionaire? globally. Companies like McDonald’s, Coca Cola, Vodaphone, Starbucks, Nescafe, Sony and Nike are now symbols that are recognized across the world, along with the consumer lifestyles and culture associated with them. As Ritzer (2004) shows, using the example of the American food industry, companies and brands now operate on a global scale. For example, McDonald’s is a worldwide business, with 26,500 restaurants in more than 119 countries (in 2007), Pizza Hut and Kentucky Fried Chicken operate in 100 countries, and Subway in 72 countries, with Starbucks growing at a colossal speed. It is now possible to buy an identical food product practically anywhere in the world, promoting a global culture and also weakening local cultures, as local food outlets close in the face of competition and local diets change. Combined with global marketing of ? lms, music, computer games, food and clothes, football and other consumer products, these have made cultures across the world increasingly similar, with people watching the same TV programmes and ? lms, eating the same foods, wearing the same designer clothes and labels, and sharing many aspects of their lifestyles and identities. Global culture refers to the way cultures in different countries of the world have become more alike, sharing increasingly similar consumer products and ways of life. This has arisen as globalization has undermined national and local cultures. Globalization is the growing interdependence of societies across the world, with the spread of the same culture, consumer goods and economic interests across the globe. BROWNE CH 1–4 (M1203). qxp:John Q7 26/3/08 10:47 Page 37 The Mona Lisa †¦ Leonardo da Vinci’s Mona Lisa, c. 1503–1507, oil on poplar, The Louvre, Paris †¦ now has a spliff to relax and a mobile to keep in touch Mona Stoner, c. 2006, posted on internet: Fine art is now available on cubes to play with Source: The Mona Lisa is transformed into a window blind In what ways do these pictures illustrate the erosion of the distinction between high culture and popular culture? Try to think of other examples of this BROWNE CH 1–4 (M1203). qxp:John Q7 26/3/08 10:47 Page 38 38 | Culture and Identity Activity 1 Refer to the pictures on this page, and explain in what ways they illustrate global culture. Try to think of other consumer products that are also global. 2 In what ways do you think consuming these products also involves lifestyle choices? For example, what’s the difference between having a coffee in Starbucks and in the local cafe (apart from the coffee itself)? Explain what lifestyle you think is identi? ed with your selected products. Identify and explain, with examples, three differences between high culture, mass culture and folk culture. 4 Identify and explain three reasons why the distinction between high culture and popular culture might be weakening. Globalization means that many of the same product brands are now fo und in many countries of the world. The concept of identity Identity is about how individuals or groups see and de? ne themselves, and how other individuals or groups see and de? ne them. Identity is formed through the socialization process and the in? uence of social institutions like the family, the education system and the mass media. The concept of identity is an important one, as it is only through establishing our own identities and earning about the identities of other individuals and groups that we come to know what makes us similar to some people and di? erent from others, and therefore form social connections with them. How you see yourself will in? uence the friends you have, who you will marry or live with, and the communities and groups to which you relate and belong. If people did not have an identity, they would lack the means of identifying with or relating to their peer group, to their neighbours, to the communities BROWNE CH 1–4 (M1203). qxp:John Q7 3/4/08 1 5:49 Page 39 Culture and Identity | 39 in which they lived or to the people they came across in their everyday lives. Identity therefore ‘? ts’ individuals into the society in which they live. The identity of individuals and groups involves both elements of personal choice and the responses and attitudes of others. Individuals are not free to adopt any identity they like, and factors like their social class, their ethnic group and their sex are likely to in? uence how others see them. The identity that an individual wants to assert and which they may wish others to see them having may not be the one that others accept or recognize. An Asian woman, for example, may not wish to be identi? ed primarily as an Asian or a woman, but as a senior manager or entertainer. However, if others still ‘Look, don’t identify me by the size and shape of my body, my social class, y job, my gender, my ethnicity, my sexuality, my nationality, my age, my religion, my education, my friends, my lifestyle, how much money I earn, the clothes I wear, the books I read, where I go shopping, the way I decorate my house, the television programmes and movies I watch, my leisure and sports ac tivities, the car I drive, the music I listen to, the drinks I like, the food I eat, the clubs I go to, where I go on holiday, the way I speak or my accent, the things I say, the things I do, or what I believe in. I’m just me. OK? ’ continue to see her primarily in terms of her ethnic and gender characteristics, she may ? nd it di? cult to assert her chosen identity. Similarly, the pensioner who sees him or herself as ‘young at heart’ may still be regarded as an old person by others. Individuals have multiple identities, asserting di? erent identities in di? erent circumstances. An individual may, for example, de? ne herself primarily as a Muslim in her family or community, as a manager at her work, as a lesbian in her sexual life, or as a designer-drug-user in her peer group. While the example of the Muslim, lesbian, drug-taking manager might seem a somewhat unlikely mix of identities, it does suggest that it is possible for people to assert di? erent identities or impressions of themselves in di? erent social situations. Identities may also change over time. For example, as people grow older they may begin to see themselves as di? erent from when they were younger, How to cite Culture and Identity, Essay examples

Rapidly Developing Macroeconomics in Chile

South America is one of the world’s most rapidly growing economies. With wise fiscal policies, efficient manufacturing, trade, and a well-functioning system of foreign relations, South America is gradually becoming one of the most important players of the global economic market.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Rapidly Developing Macroeconomics in Chile specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Despite somewhat slow rates of economic growth in the past, most South American economies have been able to regain their economic balance and have undergone profound economic shifts. Chile is no exception: a country with brilliant economic prospects, Chile exemplifies a triumph of modern economic thinking, coupled with well-designed fiscal policies, trade and exports. 2011 promised another leap forward, but in light of the recent economic downturn, Chile must be particularly cautious in its macroeconomic decisions. C hile is well-known for its economic successes. A market-oriented economy, Chile relies on trade and mineral resources, mainly copper (CIA, 2011). Exports account for nearly one-fourth of the country’s GDP, with three-fourths of total exports made up by mineral resources and commodities (CIA, 2011). Strong financial institutions, perfect business reputation, low inflation, and effective economic reforms support Chile in its way to macroeconomic excellence (CIA, 2011). The history of macroeconomic reforms in Chile dates back to the beginning of the 1990s, when the military government initiated the first economic reform (CIA, 2011). Since then, the country’s GDP growth has averaged 4% annually (CIA, 2011). Chile grew committed to trade liberalisation and eventually signed a free trade agreement with the United States; the latter gave an impetus to the country’s rapid economic growth (CIA, 2011). That Chile relies on foreign trade and opens its markets to internatio nal competition does not mean that it is more susceptible to global crises than the rest of the developed world (OECD, 2010). Previous economic achievements provide Chile with a strong competitive advantage. Most probably, even in the toughest economic conditions, Chile will be able to rebound from economic recessions much more rapidly than other developed countries (OECD, 2010). Simultaneously, present day Chile is not entirely immune from the risks of economic downfalls. A brief insight into the country’s GDP and its changes over time will create a complete picture of the macroeconomic situation in Chile.Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Gross Domestic Product is fairly considered as the most relevant measure of any country’s economic wellbeing. It is â€Å"the market value of all the final goods and services produced within in a country in a given t ime period† (Parkin 2007, p.77). The main variables comprising the GDP are consumption expenditures, investment, net exports, and government expenses (Parkin, 2007). Real GDP is calculated at constant prices and used to judge changes in the macroeconomic situation over time (Parkin 2007). In 2010, Chile’s GDP was $257.9 billion – the 46th result among countries with the highest GDP (CIA, 2010). Compared to $245 billion in 2009 and $249.2 billion in 2008, the country demonstrated good GDP growth trends (CIA, 2011). Apparently, Chile managed to restore its economic position and quickly rebound from the shock of the global economic recession in 2008-09. In 2010, Chile’s GDP grew 5.3% (CIA, 2011). It is due to wise fiscal policies and productive relations with the foreign partners that Chile was able to meet its macroeconomic goals. In the first quarter of 2011, Chile’s GDP grew 1.3% (Trading Economics, 2011). This is more than was forecasted at the end of 2010 (Reuters, 2011). Strong domestic demand (up 14.6 percent in the first quarter of 2011) is the key factor of sustained economic growth in Chile (Reuters, 2011). Foreign direct investments complete the picture of economic success in Chile (Reuters, 2011). At present, macroeconomic performance in Chile outpaces even the most optimistic expectations, and the country is likely to remain at the forefront of South America’s economic development in the nearest future. With strong financial institutions, Chile has everything needed to deal with possible economic shocks without compromising its long-term macroeconomic targets (OECD, 2010). Nonetheless, the country is not entirely immune from the negative influences of global crises. In the face of a new economic recession, Chile must be particularly cautious in its macroeconomic choices. Years of macroeconomic success have made Chile extremely resilient to the major economic downfalls. After the global recession of 2008-09, Ch ile continues to irradiate unchangeable economic optimism. Following the earthquake of 2010, Chile lost nearly 17% of its GDP (CIA, 2011). Today,Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Rapidly Developing Macroeconomics in Chile specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More the Chilean government conducts a rule-based countercyclical fiscal policy, accumulating surpluses in sovereign wealth funds and [†¦] allowing deficit spending only during periods of low copper prices. (CIA, 2011) Unfortunately, recent events in the world and the U.S. credit rating downgrade imply that Chile must be prepared for a new period of recession. Low copper prices are likely to follow. As of today, exports of mineral resources make up about 50% of the country’s exports (Trading Economics, 2011). Excessive reliance on mineral exports makes Chile extremely vulnerable to the risks of global financial crises. In this situation, economic diversification and investments in other industries, including tourism and services, can support the country through the major macroeconomic difficulties and guarantee long-term GDP growth. It is high time Chile developed a new vision of its macroeconomic future. Conclusion South America is one of the world’s most rapidly developing economies. Chile is no exception: the country exemplifies a triumph of modern economic thinking, well-designed fiscal policies, and reasonable approach to trade and exports. Chile quickly restored its macroeconomic position after the crisis of 2008-09. At present, macroeconomic performance in Chile outpaces even the most optimistic expectations, and the country is likely to remain at the forefront of South American economic development in the nearest time. However, recent changes in the global macroeconomic conjuncture suggest that Chile must be prepared for a new recession. Diversification and investments in industries other than mineral resource s will help the country to survive through another financial turmoil. It is high time Chile developed a new vision of its macroeconomic future. References CIA. (2011). South America: Chile. The World Factbook. Web.Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More OECD. (2010). Latin American economic outlook 2010. Organization for Cooperation and Development. Web. Parkin, M. (2007). Measuring GDP and economic growth. University of Wisconsin-Whitewater. Web. Reuters. (2011). Update 2 – Chile Q1 GDP growth picks up despite rising rates. Reuters. Web. Trading Economics. (2011). Chile GDP growth rate. Trading Economics. Web. This research paper on Rapidly Developing Macroeconomics in Chile was written and submitted by user Johnathan Rasmussen to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.